76 FOUKTH PERIOD. A. D. 540 TO 1049.
marriage, the most fertile districts from the Tweed to the Pentland Firth. From these settlers almost every noble family of Scotland traces its descent. They brought with them English civilization and religion.
The sons and successors of Margaret enriched the church by magnificent endowments. Alexander I. founded the bishoprics of Moray and Dunkeld. His younger brother, David I., the sixth son of Malcolm III., who married Maud, a grand-niece of William the Conqueror (1110) and ruled Scotland from 1124 to 1153, founded the bishoprics of Ross, Aberdeen, Caithness, and Brechin, and several monasteries and religious houses. The nobility followed his example of liberality to the church and the hierarchy so that in the course of a few centuries one half of the national wealth passed into the hands of the clergy, who were at the same time in possession of all the learning.
In the latter part of David's reign an active crusade com menced against the Culdee establishments from St. Andrews to lona, until the very name gradually disappeared; the last men tion being of the year 1332, when the usual formula of their exclusion in the election of a bishop was repeated.
" Thus the old Keltic Church came to an end, leaving no ves tiges behind it, save here and there the roofless walls of what had been a church, and the numerous old burying-grounds to the use of which the people still cling with tenacity, and where occasionally an ancient Keltic cross tells of its former state. All else has disappeared ; and the only records we have of their his tory are the names of the saints by whom they were founded preserved in old calendars, the fountains near the old churches bearing their name, the village fairs of immemorial antiquity field on their day, and here and there a few lay families holding a small portion of land, as hereditary custodiers of the pastoral staff, or other relic of the reputed founder of the church, with some small remains of its jurisdiction." l
1 Skene, II. 418.
II. THE CONVERSION OF FRANCE, GERMANY, ETC. 77
II. THE CONVERSION OF FRANCE, GERMANY, AND ADJACENT
COUNTRIES.
General Literature.
I. Germany before Christianity.
TACITUS: Oermania (cap. 2, 9, 11, 27, 39-45); Annal (XIII. 57); Hist.
(IV. 64).
JAC. GRIMM: Deutsche Mythologlc. Gottingen, 2nd ed. 1854, 2 vols. A. F. OZAXAM : Les Germain* avant le christianismc. Par. 1847. K. SIMROCK: Deutxchc Mythologic. Bonn, 2nd ed. 1SG4. A. PLAXCK: Die Goffer und dcr Gottesglaube der Dcutschcn. In " Jahrb.
fiir Deutsche Thcol.," 180(5, No. 1.
II. The Christianization of Germany.
F. W. RETTBERG: Kirchengcschichte Deutschlands. Gottingen, 1846-48.
2 vols. C. J. HEFEL.E (R. C.): Gcschlchte der Elnfiihrung des Christenthums im
sudwestl. Deutschland. Tubingen 1837. H. RUOKERT : Culturgeschichte des dcntschcn Volkcs in der Zclt des Ueber*
gangs aus det/i Heidenthum. Leipz. J853, 2 vols. W. KRAFFT: Kirchcngeschichte dcr German. Volkcr. Berlin 1854
(first vol.) PIiEMER (R. C-): Einfilhrung des Christenthums in Dcutschen Landen.
Schaifhausen 1857 sqq. 4 vols. COUNT r»E MOXTALEMBEUT (R. C.) : The Monks of the Wc*t from St.
Benedict to St. Bernard. Edinb. and Lond. 1861 sqq. 7 vols. I. FRIEDRICII (R. C., since 1870 Old Cath.): Kirchengeschlchte Dcutsch-
land*. Regensb. I860, I860, 2 vols. CHARLES MER i VALE: Conversion of the West. The Continental Teutons.
London 1878. (Popular).
G. KORBER: Die Ausbreitung des Christenthums im sildlichen Baden.
Heidelb. 1878.
R. CRUEL : Geschlchte der deutschen Predlgt im Mlttclalter. Detmold 1879. (Chs. I. and II.)
§ 21. Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes.
I. Editions of the remains of the Gothic Bible Version of WULFILA: by
II. C. vox DER GABELEXZ and J. LOEHE, Leipz. 1836-46 ; MASS- MANX, 1855-57 ; E. BERXHARDT, 1875 (with the Greek text and notes) ; and STAMM, 7th ed. 1878, and in fac-simile by UPPSTROM, 1854-1868. See also ULPHIL^: Opera, and SCHAFF, Compan. to Gr. Test., p. 150.
ULPHIIJE Opera (Versio Blbliorum Gothica], in Migne's Patrolog., Tom. XVIII. pp. 462-1559 (with a Gothic glossary).
II. G. WAITZ : Ueber das Leben und die Lehre des Ulfila. Hanover 1840.