71. PROGRESS AND COMPLETION OF THE SCHISM. 319
and to the pope himself, charging the churches of the that, following the practice of the Jews, and contrary to the usage of Christ, they employ in the eucharist unleavened bread; that they fast on Saturday in Lent; that they eat blood and things strangled in violation of the decree of the Council of Jerusalem (Acts, ch. 15); and that during the fast they do not sing the hallelujah. He invented the new name Azymites for the heresy of using unleavened bread (azyma) instead of common bread.1 Nothing was said about the pro cession of the Spirit. This letter is only extant in the Latin translation of Cardinal Humbert.2
Pope Leo IX. sent three legates under the lead of the im perious Humbert to Constantinople, with counter-charges to the effect that Cerularins arrogated to himself the title of " oecu menical " patriarch ; that he wished to subject the patriarchs of Alexandria and of Antioch ; that the Greeks rebaptized the Latins; that, like the Nicolaitans, they permitted their priests to live in wedlock ; 3 that they neglected to baptize their chil dren before the eighth day after birth ; that, like the Pneumatomachi or Theomachi, they cut out of the symbol the Proces-
1 Azyma is from a£viioc} unleavened (^vurj, leaven] ; hence ?/ eoprr/ ruv (apruv], the feast of unleavened bread (the passover), during which the Jews were to eat unleavened bread. The Greeks insist that our Lord in instituting the eucharist after the passover-meal used true, nourishing bread (aproe from ru/^j), as the sign of the new dispensation of joy and gladness ; while the lifeless, un leavened bread (a£viwi>) belong* to the Jewish dispensation. The Latins argued that aproc means unleavened as well as leavened bread, and that Christ during the feast of the passover could not get any other but unleavened bread. They called the Greeks in turn Fermentarei in opposition to Azymiicz. See Nicelas Stethatus (a cotemporary of Cerularius) : De Fermentato ft Azi/mis, publ. in Greek by Dirnitracopulos, Lips. 1866 (Bif3/jo$. £KK%. I. 18-36), and in Greek and Latin by Hergenrother, in Monumenta Grceca, etc., p. 139-154. Comp. also the Dissertation concerning Azymes in Neale's Eastern Church, Introd. II. 1051 sqq. ; J. G. Hermann, Hist, concertationis de pane azymo et fermentato in ccena Domini, Lips. 1737; and Hergenrother, Photins III. 739 sqq.
2 Baronius Annal. ad ann. 1053 no. 22; and Gieseler II. 222 sq.
3 " Sicut Nicolaitce carnales nuptias concedant et defendunt sacri altaris ministris.'' On the other hand, Photius and the Greeks traced to the clerical celibacy the fact that the West had " so many children who knew not their fathers.''
320 FOURTH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
sion of the Spirit from the Son.1 The legates were lodged in the imperial palace, but Cernlarius avoided all intercourse with them. Finally, on the 16th of July, 1054, they excommuni cated the patriarch and all those who should persistently censure the faith of the church of Rome or its mode of offering the holy sacrifice. They placed the writ on the altar of the church of Hagia Sophia with the words : "Videat Deus etjudieet."
Cerularius, supported by his clergy and the people, imme diately answered by a synodical counter-anathema on the papal legates, and accused them of fraud. In a letter to Peter, the patriarch of Antioch (who at first acted the part of a mediator), he charged Rome with other scandals, namely, that two brothers were allowed to espouse two sisters; that bishops wore rings and engaged in warfare ; that baptism was administered by a single immersion; that salt was put in the mouth of the bap tized ; that the images and relics of saints were not honored ; and that Gregory the Theologian, Basil, and Chrysostom were not numbered among the saints. The Filioque was also men tioned. 2
The charge of the martial spirit of the bishops was well founded in that semi-barbarous age. Cerularius was all-power ful for several years ; he dethroned one emperor and crowned another, but died in exile (1059).
The patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem ad hered to the see of Constantinople. Thus the schism between the Christian East and AYest was completed. The number of episcopal sees at that time was nearly equal on both sides, but in the course of years the Latin church far outgrew the East.
The Latin Empire in the East. 1204-1261.
During the Crusades the schism was deepened by the brutal atrocities of the French and Venetian soldiers in the pillage of Constantinople (1204), the establishment of a Latin empire,
1 See a full resume* of Humbert's arguments in Hergenrother, III. 741-756.
2 See the documents in Gieseler II. 225 sqq.