I 76. DOMESTIC LIFE. 333
to enforce clerical celibacy all over the West. They identified the interests of clerical morality and influence with clerical celibacy, and endeavored to destroy natural immorality by en forcing unnatural morality. How far Gregory VII. succeeded in this part of his reform, will be seen in the next period.
§ 76. Domestic Life.
The purity and happiness of home-life depend on the position of woman, who is the beating heart of the household. Female degradation was one of the weakest spots in the old Greek and Roman civilization. The church, in counteracting the prevailing evil, ran into the opposite extreme of ascetic excess as a radical cure. Instead of concentrating her strength on the purification and elevation of the family, she recommended lonely celibacy as a higher degree of holiness and a safer way to heaven.
Among the Western and Northern barbarians she found a more favorable soil for the cultivation of Christian family life. The contrast which the heathen historian Tacitus and the Christian monk Salvian draw between the chastity of the Teutonic barbarians and the licentiousness of the Latin races is overdrawn for effect, but not without foundation. The Ger man and Scandinavian tribes had an instinctive reverence for the female sex, as being inspired by a divinity, possessed of the prophetic gift, and endowed with secret charms. Their women shared the labors and dangers of men, emboldened them in their fierce battles, and would rather commit suicide than submit to dishonor. Yet the wife was entirely in the power of her hus band, and could be bought, sold, beaten, and killed.
The Christian religion preserved and strengthened the noble traits, and developed them into the virtues of chivalry ; while it diminished or abolished evil customs and practices. The Synods often deal with marriage and divorce. Polygamy, concubinage, secret marriages, marriages with near relatives, mixed marriages with heathens or Jews or heretics were for bidden ; the marriage tie was declared sacred and indissoluble
334 FOURTH PEKIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
(except by adultery) ; sexual intemperance restrained and forbidden on Sundays and during Lent; the personal inde pendence of woman and her rights of property were advanced. The Virgin Mary was constantly held up to the imagination as the incarnation of female purity and devotion. Not unfrequently, however, marriages were dissolved by mutual consent from mistaken ascetic piety. When a married layman entered the priesthood or a convent, he usually forsook his wife. In a Roman Synod of 827 such separation was made subject to the approval of the bishop. A Synod of Rouen, 1072, forbade husbands whose wives had taken the veil, to marry another. Wives whose husbands had disappeared were forbidden by the same Synod to marry until the fact of death was made certain.1 Upon the whole, the sy nodical legislation on the subject of marriage was wise, timely, restraining, purifying, and ennobling in its effect. The purest and brightest chapter in the history of Pope Nicolas I. is his protection of injured innocence in the person of the divorced wife of King Lothair of Lorraine.2
§ 77. Slavery.
See the Lit. in vol. I. \ 48 (p. 444), and in vol. II. g 97 (p. 347). Comp. , also BALMES (E. C.) : Protestantism and Catholicism compared in their effects on the Civilization of Europe. Transl. from the Spanish. Baltimore 1851, Chs. xv.-xix. BRACE : Gesta Christi, Ch. xxi.
History is a slow but steady progress of emancipation from the chains which sin has forged. The institution of slavery was universal in Europe during the middle ages among bar barians as well as among civilized nations. It was kept up by natural increase, by war, and by the slave-trade which was carried on in Europe more or less till the fifteenth century, and in America till the eighteenth. Not a few freemen sold them selves into slavery for debt, or from poverty. The slaves were completely under the power of their masters, and had no claim
1 For all these details see the scattered notices in vols. III. and IV. of Hefele.
8 See I 61, p. 275 sq.