2 80. THE TORTURE. 353
second general-inquisitor, the Dominican, Diego Doza, from 1490 to 1506, 16G4 persons were burned alive, 832 in efligy, 32,450 punished. Under the third general-inquisitor, the Cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo, Francis Ximenes de Cisneros, from 1507 to 1517, 2580 were burned alive, 13(58 in efligy, 47,203 reconciled." Llorente was a Spanish priest and general secretary of the Inquisition at Madrid (from 1789-1791), and had access to all the archives, but his figures, as he himself admits, are based upon probable calculations, and have in some instances been dis proved. He states, e. g. that in the first year of Torquemada's adminis tration 2000 persons were burned, and refers to the Jesuit Mariana (His tory of Spain), but Mariana means that during the whole administration of Torquemada " duo millia crematos igne." See Hefele, Cardinal Ximenes, p. 340. The sum total of persons condemned to death by ihe Spanish Inquisition during the 330 years of its existence, is stated to be 30,000. Hefele (Kirchcnlexikon, v. 650) thinks this sum exaggerated, yet not surprising when compared with the number of witches that were burnt in Germany alone. The Spanish Inquisition pronounced its last sentence of death in the year 1781, was abolished under the French rule of Joseph Napoleon, Dec. 4, 1808, restored by Ferdinand VII. 1814, again abolished 1820, and (after another attempt to restore it) in 1834. Catholic writers, like Balmez (I. c. chs. xxxvi. and xxxvu.) and Hefele (Cardinal Ximenes, p. 257-389, arid in Wetzer and Welte's Birchen-Lexicon, vol. V. 048-659), charge Llorente with inaccuracy in his figures, and defend the Catholic church against the excesses of the Spanish Inquisition, as this was a political rather than ecclesiastical institution, and had at least the good effect of preventing religious wars. But the Inquisition was instituted with the express sanction of Pope Sixtus IV. (Nov. 1, 1478), was controlled by the Dominican order and by Cardinals, and as to the benefit, the peace of the grave-yard is worse than war. Hefele adds, however (V. 057) : " Nach alV diesen flemerkungen sind wir ilbrigens iceit cntfernt, der Spanichcn Inquisition an sich das Wort reden zu waft en, vidmehr bestreiten wir der welt lichen Gdwalt durchaus die Jiefi/gniss, das Gewissen zu knebeln, und si?id von Herzensgrund am jedem staatlichen Religionszwang abhold, mag cr von chiem Torquemada in der Dominikanerkutte, oder von einem Bureau craten i?i der Staatsuniform ansgehen. Aber das wollten wir zeigen, dass die Inquisition das schandliche Ungehcuer me/it war, ivozu es Parteilcidenscha/t und Unwissenlieit haujig stempcln wolltcn."
II. The torture was abolished in England after 1640, in Prussia 1740, in Tuscany 1786, in France 1789, in Russia 1801, in various Ger man states partly earlier, partly later (between 1740 and 1831), in Japan 1873. Thomasius, Hommel, Voltaire, Howard, used their influence against it. Exceptional cases of judicial torture occurred in the nine teenth century in Naples, Palermo, Roumania (1868), and Zug (1869). See Lea, p. 389 sqq., and the chapter on Witchcraft in Lecky's History
354 FOURTH PEETOD. A. D. 590-1049.
of Rationalism (vol. I. 27-154). The extreme difficulty of proof in trials of witchcraft seemed to make a resort to the torture inevitable. English witchcraft reached its climax during the seventeenth century, and was defended by King James I., and even such wise men as Sir Matthew Hale, Sir Thomas Browne, and Eichard Baxter. When it was on the decline in England it broke out afresh in Puritan New England, created a perfect panic, and led to the execution of twenty-seven persons. In Scotland it lingered still longer, and as late as 1727 a woman was burnt there for witchcraft. In the Canton Glarus a witch was executed in 1782, and another near Danzig in Prussia in 1836. Lecky concludes his chapter with an eloquent tribute to those poor women, who died alone, hated, and unpitied, with the prospect of exchanging their torments on earth with eternal torments in hell.
I add a noble passage on torture from Brace's Gesta Christi, p. 274 sq. " Had the ' Son of Man ' been in body upon the earth during the Middle Ages, hardly one wrong and injustice would have wounded his pure soul like the system of torture. To see human beings, with the consciousness of innocence, or professing and believing the purest truths, condemned vyithout proof to the most harrowing agonies, every groan or admission under pain used against them, their confessions distorted, their nerves so racked that they pleaded their guilt in order to end their tortures, their last hours tormented by false ministers of justice or religion, who threaten eternal as well as temporal damnation, and all this going on for ages, until scarce any innocent felt themselves safe under this mock ery of justice and religion — all this would have seemed to the Founder of Christianity as the worst travesty of his faith and the most cruel wound to humanity. It need not be repeated that his spirit in each century struggled with this tremendous evil, and inspired trie great friends of humanity who labored against it. The main forces in medi aeval society, even those which tended towards its improvement, did not touch this abuse. Eoman law supported it. Stoicism was indifferent to it; Greek literature did not affect it; feudalism and arbitrary power en couraged a practice which they could use for their own ends ; and even the hierarchy and a State Church so far forgot the truths they professed as to employ torture to support the ' Eeligion of Love.' But against all these powers were the words of Jesus, bidding men * Love your enemies ! ' 'Do good to them that dospitefully use you!' and the like commands, working everywhere on individual souls, heard from pulpits and in monasteries, read over by humble believers, and slowly making their way against barbaric passion and hierarchic cruelty. Gradually, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the books containing the message of Jesus circulated among all classes, and produced that state of mind ami heart in which torture could not be used on a fellow-being, and in which such an abuse and enormity as the Inquisition was hurled to the earth."