§ 104. THE CAROLINE BOOKS. 469
Charlemagne sent a copy of his book, or more probably an extract from it (85 Capitula or Capitular e de Imaginibus) through Angilbert, his son-in-law, to his friend Pope Hadrian, who in a long answer tried to defend the Eastern orthodoxy of Nicxa with due respect for his Western protector, but failed to satisfy the Frankish church, and died soon afterwards (Dec. 25, 795).1
A Synod of Paris, held under the reign of Charlemagne's son and successor, Louis the Pious, in the year 825, renewed the protest of the Frankfort Synod against image-worship and the authority of the second council of Nica?a, in reply to an em bassy of the Emperor Michael Balbus, and added a slight rebuke to the pope.2
NOTES.
The Caroline Books, if not written by Charlemagne, are at all events issued in his name ; for the author repeatedly calls Pepin his father, and speaks of having undertaken the work with the consent of the priests in his dominion (conniventia sacerdotum in regno a Deo nobis concesso}. The book is first mentioned by Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims in the ninth century, as directed against the pseudo- Synodus Grcecorum (the second Nicene Council), and he quotes a passage from a copy which he saw in the royal palace. The second mention and quotation was made by the
I, III; Mon. Hist. Brit., p. 667; Wilkin's Cone. Magn. Brit., I. 73; Gieseler, II. 67, note 6, and Hardwick's Church Hist, of the Middle Aye, p. 78, note 3.
1 There is a difference of opinion whether Charlemagne sent to the pope his whole book, or only an abridgement, and whether he sent Angilbert before or after the Frankfort synod to Home. Hefele (III. 713) decides that the Capitula (85) were an extract of the Libri Carolini (121 chs.), and that Angilbert was twice in Rome, A. D. 792 and 794. Hadrian's answer must have been written at all events before Dec. 25, 795. It is printed in Mansi, XIII. 759-810, and Migne, Opera Car. M. II. fol. 1247-1292. It is full of glaring blunders. Bishop Hefele (p. 716) divides the responsibility between the (fallible) pope, the emperor, and the copyists.
* Mansi, XIV. 415 sqq. ; Walch, XI. 95 sqq. ; Gieseler, II. 68 ; Hefele, IV. 41 sqq. (second ed. 1879). Walch says (p. 98) that the Roman church played comedy with the acts of this Synod. Mansi was the first to publish them, but he did it with an excuse, and added as indispensable the refutation of Bellarmin in the appendix to his tract De Caltu Imaginum. Hefele and Hergenrother represent this synod as being guilty of the same injustice to the Nicene Council as the Synod of Frankfort ; but this does not alter the fact.
470 FOURTH PEKIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
papal librarian Augustin Steuchus (d. 1550) from a very old copy in the Bibliotheca Palatina. As soon as it appeared in print, Flavius and other Protestant polemics used it against Rome. Baronius, Bellarmin, and Other Romanists denied the genuineness, and ascribed the book to certain heretics in the age of Charlemagne, who sent it to Rome to be condemned ; some declared it even a fabrication of the radical reformer Carlstadt ! But Sirmond and Natalis Alexander convincingly proved the genuine ness. More recently Dr. Floss (R. C.) of Bonn, revived the doubts (1860), but they are permanently removed since Professor Reifferscheid (1866) discovered a new MS. from the tenth century in the Vatican library which differs from the one of Steuchus, and was probably made in the Cistercian Convent at Marienfeld in Westphalia. " Therefore," writes Bishop Hefele in 1877 (III. 698), "the genuineness of the Libri Carolini is hereafter no longer to be questioned (nicht mehr zu beanstanden}."
§ 105. Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Clau dius of Turin.
I. AGOBARDUS : Contra eorum superstitionem qui picturis et imaginibus
SS. adorationis obsequium defer endum putant. Opera ed. Baluzius Par. 1666, 2 vols., and Migne, " Patrol. Lat." vol. 104, fol. 29-35}.— Histoire litter, de la France, IV. 567 sqq. C. B. HUNDESHAGEN : De Agobardi vita et scripiis. Pars I. Giessae 1831 ; and his article in Herzog 2 I. 212 sq. BAHR : Gesch. der rb'm. Lit. im Karoling. Zeitalter, p. 383-393. BLUEGEL : De Agobardi archiep. Lugd. vita et scriptis. Hal. 1865. SIMSON : Jahrbucher des frankischen Reichs unter Ludwig dem Frommen. Leipz. 1874 and '76. C. DEEDES in Smith and Wace, I. 63-64. LICHTENBERGER, I. 119.
II. CLAUDIUS : Opera in Migne's " Patrol. Lat." vol. 104, fol. 609-927.
Commentaries on Kings, Gal., Ephes., etc., Eulogium Augustini, and Apologeticum. Some of his works are still unpublished. RUDEL- BACH : Claudii Tur. Ep. ineditorum operum specimina,prcemissa'de ejus doctrina scriptisque dissert. Havnise 1824. C. SCHMIDT : Claudius v. Turin in Illgen's " Zeitschrift f. die hist. Theol." 1843. II. 39; and his art. in Herzog2, III. 243-245.
III. NEANDER, III. 428-439 (very full and discriminating on Claudius) ; GIESELER, II. 69-73 (with judicious extracts) ; REUTER: Geschichte der Aufklarung im Mittelalter, vol. I. (Berlin 1875), 16-20 and 24-41.
The opposition to image-worship and other superstitious practices continued in the Frankish church during the ninth century.
Two eminent bishops took the lead in the advocacy of a more