\ 153. CASSIODORUS. 657
The exposition is thorough in its way. Its peculiarities are in its mystic use of numbers, and its drafts upon profane science, particularly rhetoric.1
7. Institutions of Sacred and Secular Letters? from 644, in two books,3 which are commonly regarded as independent works. The first book is a sort of theological encyclopaedia, intended by Cassiodorus primarily for his own monks. It therefore refers to different authors which were to be found in their library. It is in thirty-three chapters — a division pointing to the thirty-three years of our Lord's life — which treat succes sively of the books of the Bible, what authors to read upon them, the arrangement of the books, church history and its chief writers, and the scheme he had devised for usefully em ploying the monks in copying MSS., or, if not sufficiently edu cated, in manual labor of various kinds. In the second book he treats in an elementary way of the seven liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy).
8. On Orthography f a work of his ninety-third year,5 and a mere collection of extracts from the pertinent literature in his library.
9. The Soulf written at the request of friends shortly after the publication of his Miscellqny. It is rather the • product of learning than of thought. It treats of the soul, its nature, capacities and final destiny.
10. Notes upon some verses in the Epistles, Acts of the Apostles, and Apocalypse.7 This was a product of his monastic
1 The Expositio in Gmtiaim, which cornea next in the editions, is now thought to be by another author. So Garet (Migne, LXX. col. 1055).
2 Institutiones divinarum et secularium lectionum. Ibid. col. 1105-1220.
3 So Ebert I. 477. Their common titles are (a) De institutions divinarum littcrarum, (b) De artibiis et disciplines liberalium litterarum.
4 De orthographia. Migne, LXX., col. 1239-1270.
5 Prefatio. Ibid. col. 1241, 1. 9.
6 De anima. Ibid. col. 1279-1308.
7 Complexiones in Epistolas et Actus apostolorum necnon in Apocalypsim. Ibidt c(,l. 1321-1418.
658 FOURTH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
period, strangely forgotten in the Middle Age. It was un known to Garet, but found at Verona and published by Maffei in 1702. Besides these a Commentarium de oratione et de octo partibus orationis is attributed to him and so published.1 But its authorship is doubtful.
§ 154. St. Gregory of Tours.
t. ST. GEORGIUS FLORENTIUS GREGORIUS : Opera omnia, in Migne, Tom. LXXI. (reprint of Ruinart'sed. Paris, 1699). The best critical edition of Gregory's great work, Historic^ Francorum libri decem, is by W. Arndt and Br. Krusch. Hannover, 1884 (Gregorii Turonensis opera pars I. in "Scriptorum rerum Merovingicarum," T. I., pars I. in the great " Monumenta Germanise historica" series), and of his other works that by H. L. Bordier, Libri miraculorum aliaque opera minora, or with the French title, Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Gregoire, eveque de Tours. Paris, 1857- 64, 4 vols., of which the first three have the Latin text and a French translation on opposite pages, and the last, containing the De cursu stellarum and the doubtful works, the Latin only. There are several translations of the Historia Francorum into French (e. g., by Guizot. Paris, 1823, new ed. 1861, 2 vols. ; by H. L. Bordier, 1859-61, 2 vols.), and into German (e. g., by Giesebrecht, Berlin, 1851, 2 vols., 2d ed., 1878, as part of Pertz, " Geschichtsschreiber der cleutschen-Vorzeit"). The De cursu stellarum was discovered and first edited by F. Hasse, Breslau, 1853.
II. The Lives of Gregory, by Odo of Cluny (d. 943, valuable,) Migne, 1. c., and by Joannes Egidius (Jean Gilles of Tours, 16th cent., of small account) are given by Bordier, 1. c. IV. 212-237. Modern bio graphies and sketches of Gregory are: C. J. KRIES: De Gregorii Turonensis Episcopi vita et scriptis. Breslau, 1839. J. W. LOBELL: Gregorvon Tours. Leipzig, 1839, 2d ed. 1869. GABRIEL MOXOD : Gregorie de Tours, in Tome III. " Biblioth'eque de I'Ecole des hautes etudes.''1 Paris, 1872 (pp. 21-146). Of. Du PIN, V. 63. CEILLIER, XI, 365- 399. Hist. lit. de la France, III. 372-397. TEUFFEL, pp. 1109-10. WATTENBACH, I. 70 sqq. EBERT, I. 539-51. L. vox RANKE : Wt-.ltgeschichte, 4ter Theil, 2te Abtheilung (Leipzig, 1883), pp. 328-368, mainly a discussion of the relation of Gregory's Historia to Fredegar's Historia Epitomata and to the Gesta regum Francorum. He maintains that they are independent. Cf. W. Arndt's preface (30pp.) to edition mentioned above.
GEORGIUS FLORENTIUS, or as he called himself on his con-
1 Ibid. col. 1219-1240.