2 167. KABANUS MAURUS. 713
stated. Jonas opposes Claudius with his own weapons of irony and satire, gives his portrait in no flattering colors and even ridicules his latiuity. The first book defends the use of images (pictures), the invocation and worship of the saints, the doctrine of their intercession, and the veneration due to their relics, but asserts that the French do not worship images. The second book defends the veneration of the cross, and the third pilgrim ages to Rome.
4. History of the translation of the relics of Saint Hubert.1 Hubert, patron saint of hunters, died in 727 as first bishop of Liege, and was buried there in St. Peter's church. In 744 he was moved to another portion of the church, but in 825 bishop Walcand of Liege removed his relics to the monastery of Audvin which he had re-established, and it is this second translation which Jonas describes.
§ 167. Rabanus Maurus.
I. KABANUS MAURUS: Opera, omnia, inMigne, Tom. CVII.-CXII. His
Carmina are in Diimmler's Puetce Latini ccvi Carolini, II. 159-258. Migne's edition is a reprint, with additions, of that of Colvenerius, Cologne, 1617, but is not quite complete, for Diimmler gives new pieces, and others are known to exist in MS.
II. The Prolegomena in Migue, CVII. col. 9-106, which contains the
Vitce by MABILLON, RUDOLF, Raban's pupil, and by TRITHEMIUS. JOHANN FRANZ BUDDEUS : Dissertatio dc vita ac doctrina Rabani Mauri Magnentii, Jena, 1724. FRIEDRICH HEINRICH CHRISTIAN SCHWARZ : Coinmentatio de Rabano Mauro, primo Germanics prccccptore (Program). Heidelberg, 1811. JOIIANN KONRAD DAHL: Lcben und Schriften des Erzbischofs Rabanus Maurus. Fulda, 1828. NICOLAS BACH : Hrabanus Maurus ; der Schopfer des deutschen Schulwcsens (Program). Fulda, 1835. FRIEDRICH KUNSTMANN : Hraba nus M(.ujncntius Maurus. Mainz, 1841. THEODOR SPENGLER : Lcben des heiliain Rhabanus Maurus. Regensburg, 1856. KOHLER: Hrabanus Maurus und die Schulezu Fulda (Dissertation). Leipzig, 1870. RICHTER: Rabanus Maurus. Ein Beitrag znr Geschichte der Pddagogik im Mittelalter (Program). Malchin, 1883. Cf. E. F. J. DRONKE: Codex dip. FuJd. Cassel, 1850. J. BASS MULLINGER : The Schools of Charles the Great. London, 1877, pp. 138-157. J. F.
1 Historia translations S- Hucberti, ibid. col. 389-394.
714 FOUETH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
BOHMER: Regesten zur Gesch. d. Mainzer Erzbischofe, ed. C. Will. 1. Bd. A. D. 742-1160. Innsbruck, 1877.
III. Du PIN, VII. 160-166. CEILLIER, XII. 446-476. Hist. lit. de la France, V. 151-203. BAHB, 415-447. EBEET, II. 120-145.
HIS LIFE.
MAGNENTIUS HRABANTJS MAURUS is the full name, as written by himself,1 of one of the greatest scholars and teachers of the Carolingian age. He was born in Mainz2 about 776. At the age of nine he was placed by his parents in the famous Benedictine monastery of Fulda, in the .Grand-duchy of Hesse, which was then in a very nourishing condition under Baugolf (780-802). There he received a careful education both in sacred and secular learning, for Baugolf was himself a class ical scholar. Raban took the monastic vows, and in 801 was ordained deacon. In 802 Baugolf died and was succeeded by Ratgar. The new abbot at first followed the example of his predecessor, and in order to keep up the reputation of the monastery for learning he sent the brightest of the inmates to Tours to receive the instruction of Alcuin, not only in theology but particularly in the liberal arts. Among them was Raban, who indeed had a great desire to go. The meeting of the able and experienced, though old, wearied and somewhat mechanical teacher, and the fresh, vigorous, insatiable student, was fraught with momentous consequences for Europe. Alcuin taught Raban far more than book knowledge ; he fitted him to teach others, and so put him in the line of the great teachers — Isidore, Bede, Alcuin. Between Alcuin and Raban there sprang up a very warm friendship, but death removed the former in
1 Prcefatio to his De laudibus sanctce crwcis, Migne, C VII. col. 147, 148. Magnentius indicates his birth at Mainz, which was called in the Old High German Magenze (see Ebert II. 121 n.). Hrabanus is the Latinized form of Hraban (i. e. "raven"). Rabanus is the ordinary spelling. Maurus wa3 the epithet given to him by Alcuin (Migne, CIX. col. 10) to indicate that in Ra banus were found the virtues which had made Maurus the favorite disciple of the great St. Benedict.
3 Of. his self-written epitaph, Migne, CXII. col. 1671.