§ 9. ALEXANDER II. AND THE SCHISM OF CADALUS. 21
episcopate. Concubinage was regarded as a heinous offence and a bar to promotion.1
But the Roman Church and the Hildebrandian party re versed the case, and denounced sacerdotal marriage as unlawful concubinage. The leader of this party in Lombardy was Anselin of Baggio (west of Milan), a zealous and elo quent young priest, who afterwards became bishop of Lucca and then pope (as Alexander II.). He attacked the immo rality of the clergy, and was supported by the lowest popu lace, contemptuously called "Pataria" or " Patarines," i.e. "Ragbags."2 Violent and sanguinary tumults took place in the churches and streets. Peter Damiani, a sincere enthusiast for ascestic holiness, was sent as papal legate to Milan. He defended the Pataria at the risk of his life, proclaimed the supremacy of the Roman see, and exacted a repudiation of all heretical customs.
This victory had great influence throughout Lombardy. But the strife was renewed under the following pope and under Gregory VII., and it was not till 1093 that Urban II. achieved a permanent triumph over Nicolaitism at a great council at Piacenza.
§ 9. Alexander II. and the Schism of Cadalus. 1061-1073.
Pope Nicolas II. died July 27, 1061. The cardinals elected, in some unknown place outside of Rome, Anselm, bishop of Lucca, Sept. 30, 1061. He was conducted to Rome in the following night by Norman soldiers, and consecrated, Oct. 1, as Alexander II. His first act was to administer the oath of fealty to Richard, the Norman leader.
1 Lea, I.e., p. 210.
2 Muratori and Du Cange (sub Pataria and Paterinus} derive pataria from pate, which in the Milanese dialect means a huckster or pedler. So also Hefele, IV. 796. Giesebrecht (III. 31) renders Patarina Lumpengesindel. The contemporary, Bonizo, interprets the term to mean " ragged," patarinos id est pannosos vocabant. See Mirbt, art. Patara, in Herzog, XIV. 761 sqq.
22 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1073.
The anti-Hildebrandian party of the Roman nobles, headed by Count Girard of Galeria (an excommunicated robber), with the aid of the disaffected Lombard clergy, and the young emperor Henry IV., elected Cadalus (or Cadalous), bishop of Parma, anti-pope. He was consecrated Oct. 28, 1061, as Honorius II., and maintained a schism of ten years. He had been repeatedly charged with simony, and had the sympathy and support of the married or concubinary clergy and the simoniacal laity, who hoped that his success would lead to a modification of discipline and legalization of cler ical marriage. The opposition thus became an organized party, and liable to the charge of heresy, which was consid ered worse than carnal sin. Damiani and Humbert defended the principle that a priest who is guilty of simony or con cubinage, and believes himself innocent, is more criminal than he who knows himself to be guilty. Damiani hurled the fiercest denunciation of a Hebrew prophet against the antipope. Cadalus entered Home with an armed force, and maintained himself in the castle of St. Angelo for two years; but at length he sought safety in flight without a single follower, and moved to Parma. He died in 1072. His party was broken up.
Alexander held a council at Mantua, May 31, 1064, and was universally recognized 'as the legitimate pope ; while Cadalus was anathematized and disappeared from history.
During the pontificate of Alexander, the war against simony and Nicolaitism went on under the lead of Hildebrand and Damiani with varying success. The troubles in Lombardy were renewed. Archbishop Wiclo of Milan sided with Cadalus and was excommunicated ; he apolo gized, did penance, and resumed office. After his death in 1071 the strife broke out again with disgraceful scenes of violence. The Patarine party, supported with gold by the pope, gained the ascendency after the death of Cadalus. The Normans repelled the Mohammedan aggres-
§ 9. ALEXANDER II. AND THE SCHISM OF CADALUS. 23
sion and won Southern Italy and Sicily for the Church of Rome.
This good service had some weight on the determination of Hildebrand to support the claim of William of Normandy to the crown of England, which was a master-stroke of his policy ; for it brought that island into closer contact with Rome, and strengthened the papal pretension to dispose of temporal thrones. William fought under a banner blessed by the pope, and founded the Norman dynasty in England, 1066. The conquest was concluded at Winchester by a sol emn coronation through three papal delegates, Easter, 1070.
But in Germany there arose a powerful opposition, not indeed to the papacy, which was the common ground of all parties, but to the Hildebrandian policy. This led to the conflict between Gregory VII. and Henry IV. Alexander threatened Henry with excommunication in case he persisted in his purpose to divorce his queen Bertha.