102 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1123-1198.
trines of their master, and were declared heretics by a council of Verona, 1184, after which they disappeared.
But the idea of apostolic poverty and the opposition to the temporal power of the papacy reappeared among the Spirit uals of the Franciscan order. Arnold's political scheme of restoring the Roman republic was revived two hundred years later by Cola di Rienzi (1347), but with no better success ; for Rienzi was murdered, his body burnt, and the ashes were scattered to the winds (1354).
§ 27. The Popes and the Hohenstaufen.
I. PRINCIPAL SOURCES :
(1) The Eegesta of the popes from Anastasius IV. to Innocent III. (1153- 1198) by JAFFE-WATTENBACH (ed. 1886). — The Opera of these popes in MIGNE'S Patrol. Lat. — The Vitce of the popes by PLATINA, WAT- TERICII, etc.
(2) OTTO (half-brother of King Conrad III. and uncle of Frederick Barbarossa, and partial to him, bishop of Freising, or Freisingen, in Upper Bavaria, d. 1158) : De Gestis Friderici I. , finished by his pupil RAHEWIN or REGUIN. Best ed. by Waitz, 1884. Also his Chronicle (De duabus Civitatibus, after the model of Augustin's De Civitate Dei), continued by OTTO of ST. BLASIEN (in the Black Forest) till 1209. First critical ed. by R. Wilmans in Mon. Ger. Scr., XX. 83-493. — GUNTHER LIGURINTJS wrote in 1187 a Latin epic of 6576 verses on the deeds of the Fmperor Frederick I. till 1160. See Wattenbach's Geschichtsquellen, II. 241 sqq.
II. WORKS ON THE HOHENSTADFEN PERIOD:
JAFFE : Geschichte des deutschen Reichs unter Konrad III., Hanover, 1845. — FR. VON RAUMER : Geschichte der Hohenstaufen. Leipzig, 1823. 4th ed. 1871. — W. ZIMMERMANN: Die Hohenstaufen oder der Kampf der Monarchie gegen den Papst und die republ. Freiheit. Stuttgart, 1838. 2d ed. 1865, 2 vols. — G. DE CHERRIER : Histoire de la lutte des papes et desempereursdela maisonde Souabe. Paris, 1841, 4 vols. — *HERMANN REUTER (Professor of Church History in Gottingen, d. 1888): Alexander III. und die Kirche seiner Zeit. 1845. 2d ed. thoroughly rewritten, Leipzig, 1860- 1864; 3 vols. (A work of fifteen years' study.) — SCHIRRMACHER : Kai*er FriedrichIL Gottingen, 1859-1864, 4 vols.; Die letzten Hohenstaufen. Got tingen, 1871. —P. SCHEFFER-BOICHORST : K. Friedrichs I. letzter Streit mit der Kurie. Berlin, 1866. — H. PRUTZ : K. Friedrich I. Danzig, 1871-1874, 3 vols. — DEL GUIDICE : II guidizio e la condanna di Corradino. Naples, 1876. — RIBBECK : Friedr. I. und die romische Kurie. Leipzig, 1881. — UGO BALZANI : The Popes and the Hohenstaufen. London and New York, 1888 (pp. 201). — GIESEHRECHT, BRYCE, 167 sqq.; GREGOROVIUS, IV. 424 sqq.; HAUCK, IV.; — HEFELE-KNOPFLER, V. 533 sqq.
§ 27. THE POPES AND THE HOHENSTAUFEN. 103
With Conrad III. the powerful family of the Hohenstaufen ascended the imperial throne and occupied it from 1138 till 1254. They derive the name from the family castle Hohenstaufen, on a hill in the Rough Alp near Goppingen in Swabia.1 They were descended from a knight, Friedrich von Biiren, in the eleventh century, and his son Friedrich von Stauf en, a faithful adherent of Emperor Henry IV., who made him duke of Swabia (1079), and gave him his daughter Agnes in marriage. They were thus connected by blood with the antagonist of Pope Hildebrand, and identified with the cause of the Ghibellines against the Guelphs in their bloody feuds in Germany and Italy. Henry VI., 1190-1197, acquired by marriage the kingdom of Naples and Sicily. His son, Fred erick II., raised his house to the top of its prosperity, but was in his culture and taste more an Italian than German prince, and spent most of his time in Italy.
The Hohenstaufen or Swabian emperors maintained the prin ciple of imperialism, that is, the dignity and independence of the monarchy, as a divine institution, against papal sacerdotal ism on the one hand, and against popular liberty on the other.
They made common cause with the popes, and served their purposes in the crusades: three of them, Conrad III., Fred erick I., and Frederick II., undertook crusades against the Saracens; Conrad III. engaged in the second, which was a failure; Frederick I. perished in Syria; Frederick II. cap tured Jerusalem. The Hohenstaufen made also common cause with the popes against political and doctrinal dissent: Barbarossa sacrificed and punished by death Arnold of Brescia as a dangerous demagogue; and Frederick II., though prob ably himself an unbeliever, persecuted heretics.
1 The castle was destroyed in the Peasants' War in 1525. At the foot of the hill is a village and an old church with a fresco picture of Barbarossa, bearing the inscription : "J?zc transibat Ccesar, amor bonorum, terror malorwm." "Here Caesar passed away, beloved by the good, dreaded by the bad." Close by is the ancient seat of the Hohenzollern family. On the site of the old castle a splendid castle was erected by William I. , the Emperor of Germany.