§ 31. THOMAS BECKET AND HENRY II. 121
land during the Middle Ages," published under direction of the Master of the Rolls and popularly known as the «' Rolls Series." It embraces all the important contemporary materials for the history of Thomas. Vols. I.-IV. contain the contemporary Vitce (by William of Canter bury, Benedict of Peterborough, Edward Grim, Roger of Pontigny, William Fitz-Stephen, John of Salisbury, Alan of Tewkesbury, and Her bert of Bosham, etc.) ; vols. V.-VIL, the Epistolce, i.e. the whole correspondence relating to Thomas.
This collection is much more accurate, complete, and better arranged (especially in the Epistles) than the older collection of DR. GILES (Sanctus Thomas Cantuariensis, London, 1845-1846, 8 vols., reprinted in Migne's Patrologia, Tom. 190), and the Quadrilogus or Historia Quadripartita (Lives by four contemporary writers, composed by order of Pope Greg ory XL, first published, 1495, then by L. Christian Lupus or Wolf, Brus sels, 1682, and Venice, 1728).
Thdmas Saga Erkibyskups. A Life of Archb. Th. Becket in Icelandic, with Engl. transl.. notes, and glossary, ed. by Eirikr Magnusson. London, 1875, and 1883, 2 vols. Part of the "Chronicles and Memorials," above quoted.
GARNIER of Pont Sainte-Maxence : La Vie de St. Thomas le martir. A metrical life, in old French, written between 1172 and 1174, published by Hippeau, and more recently by Professor Bekker, Berlin, 1844, and Paris, 1859.
The Life and Martyrdom of Thomas Becket by ROBERT OF GLOUCESTER. Ed. by W. H. Black. London, 1845 (pp. 141). A biography in Alex andrine verse, written in the thirteenth century.
II. MODERN WORKS : —
RICHARD HURRELL FROCDE (one of the originators of the Oxford Anglo- Catholic movement, d. 1836) : Remains. London, 1838, 4 vols. The second vol., part II., contains a history of the contest between Thomas a Becket and Henry II., in vindication of the former. He was assisted by J. H. (late Cardinal) Newman.
A. F. OZANAM : Deux Chanceliers d"1 Angleterre, Bacon de Verulam et Saint Thomas de Cantorbery. Paris, 1836.
J. A. GILES : The Life and Letters of Thomas a Becket. London, 1846, 2 vols.
F. J. Buss (Rom. Cath.) : Der heil. Thomas und sein Kampf fur die Freiheit der Kirche. Mainz, 1856.
JOHN MORRIS (Rom. Cath. Canon of Northampton) : The Life and Martyr dom of Saint Thomas Becket. London, 1859.
* JAMES CRAIGIE ROBERTSON: Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. London, 1859. Accurate, but unfavorable to Becket.
*Eow. A. FREEMAN : St. Thomas of Canterbury and his Biographers. A masterly article in the " National Review " for April, 1860, reprinted in
122 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1123-1198.
his "Historical Essays,'' London, 1871, pp. 99-114. Comp. the sum mary in his History of the Norman Conquest, V. 660 sqq., and his arti cles against Froude, noticed below.
* JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE : Life and Times of Thomas Becket. First pub
lished in "The Nineteenth Century" for 1877, then in book form, London and New York, 1878 (pp. 150). Against the Roman and Anglo- Catholic overestimate of St. Thomas. This book is written in brilliant style, but takes a very unfavorable view of Becket (opposite to that of his elder brother, 11. H. Froude), and led to a somewhat personal con troversy with PROFESSOR FREEMAN, who charged Froude with habitual inaccuracy, unfairness, and hostility to the English Church, in "The Contemporary Review" for 1878 (March, April, June, and September). Froude defended himself in "The Nineteenth Century " for April, 1879, pp. 618-637, to which Freeman replied in Last Words on Mr. Froude, in " The Contemporary Review " for May, 1879, pp. 214-236.
* B. A. THOMPSON: Thomas Becket, Martyr, London, 1889. — A. S. HUILLIER:
St. Thomas de Cantorbery, 2 vols., Paris, 1892.
* EDWIN A. ABBOTT : St. Thomas of Canterbury. His Death and Miracles,
2 vols., London, 1888. This work grew out of studies in preparation of a critical commentary of the Four Gospels. It takes the early narratives of Thomas a Becket, sets them side by side, and seeks to show which are to be accepted upon the basis of disagreements in regard to event or ver bal expression. It also presents the details in which Dean Stanley and Tennyson are alleged to have been misled. The criticism is able, stimu lating, and marked by self-confidence in determining what events really did occur, and how much is to be discarded as unhistoric. The discussion has all the merits and demerits of the strict critical method.
III. Becket is more or less fully treated by MILMAN : Latin Christian ity, bk. VIII. ch.VIII. — DEAN STANLEY: Historical Memorials of Can terbury, Am. ed., 1889. — BEUTER : Alexander III., I. 237 sqq., 530 sqq. DEAN HOOK : Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, II. 354-508. — GREENWOOD : Cathedra Petri, bk. XII. ch. VII. — WILLIAM STUBBS : The Constitutional Hist, of England, 6th ed., 3 vols., Oxford, 1897, and Select Charters and Other Illustrations of the English Constit. Hist., 8th ed., Oxford, 1900. —GEE and HARDY: Documents Illustrative of Engl. Ch. Hist., London, 1896. — F. W. MAITLAND : Horn. Canon Law in the Ch. of England, London, 1898, 134-147. —W. R. W. STEPHENS : The English Church (1066-1272), London, 1901, 157-190. The Histories of LINOARD, GREEN, etc. LORD TENNYSON has made Becket the subject of a historical drama, 1884.
During the pontificate of Alexander III., the papal hierar chy achieved an earlier and greater triumph over the king of England than over the emperor of Germany.
Thomas Becket, or Thomas a Becket, or St. Thomas of