456 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
Son." In taking up the proof that the Messiah has already come, Peter naively says that "if the Jew shall presume to think when the argument is finished that he lives, Peter holds the sword of Goliath, and, standing over the Jew's prostrate form, will use the weapon for his destruction, and 4 with its edge ' cleave his blasphemous head in twain." l
If the mild abbot of Cluny, Peter the Venerable, ap proached the Jews in such an arrogant tone, what was to be expected from other writers, like Peter of Blois who wrote upon the Perfidy of the Jeivs ?
Public disputations were resorted to in Southwestern Europe. Not a few Jews, " learned men, physicians, authors, and poets," to use the language of Graetz,2 adopted the Christian faith from conviction, and " became as eager in proselyting as though they had been born Dominicans." At the public disputations, representative rabbis and chosen Christian controversialists disputed. Jewish proselytes often represented the Christian side. The most famous of these disputations, the disputation of Tortosa, extended through a year and nine months, 1413-1414, and held sixty-eight sittings. Many baptisms are reported to have followed this trial of argumentative strength, and Benedict XIII. an nounced his conclusions in a bull forbidding forced baptism, as opposed to the canons of the church, but insisting on the Jews wearing the distinctive patch, and enacting that they should listen to three Christian sermons every year, — on Easter, in Advent, and in midsummer. Raymundus Lullus appealed for the establishment of chairs in Hebrew with an eye to the conversion of the Jews, as did also the Dominican Raymundus of Peiiaforte. At the beginning of the fifteenth century the propaganda of the eloquent preacher Vincent Ferrer was crowned with success, and the lowest estimates place the number who received baptism under his influence at twenty thousand. The most distinguished of the Spanish converts was Rabbi Solomon Helevi, 1353-1435, who occu pied the archiepiscopal chair of Burgos. The Christian
iJMigne's ed., 189, 553. 2viii. 83.
§ 77. THE JEWS. 457
scholar Nicolas of Cusa, if not born a Jew, was of Jewish descent.
In London there was an attempt to reach the Jews by a sort of university settlement, the domus conversorum, intended for the protection of Jewish proselytes. It was established in 1233, and an annual grant of seven hundred marks from the royal exchequer promised for its maintenance ; but no reports have come down to us of its usefulness.
These efforts relieve, it is true, the dark picture, but re lieve it only a little. The racial exclusiveness of the Jew, and the defiant pride which Christendom associates with him when he attains to prosperity, still render it difficult to make any impression upon him by the presentation of the argu ments for Christianity. There have been converts. Neander was a Jew born. So were Paulus Cassel and Adolf Saphir. Delitzsch had a Jew for one of his parents. Dollinger is authority for the statement that thirty years ago there were two thousand Christians in Berlin of Jewish descent. There is fortunately no feeling to-day, at least in the church of the West, that it should come to the aid of Providence in executing vengeance for the crucifixion of Christ, a thought which ruled the Christian mind in the Middle Ages. In view of the experience of the mediaeval church, if for no other reason, the mode of treatment suggested to the modern church is by the spirit of brotherly confidence and Christian love.
CHAPTER X.
HERESY AND ITS SUPPRESSION. § 78. Literature for the Entire Chapter.
GENERAL WORKS : FLACIUS ILLYRICUS : Catalogus testium veritatis qui ante nostram cetatem reclamarunt papce, Basel, 1556. — Du PLESSIS D'ARGEN- TRE : Coll. judiciorum de novis erroribus qui ab initio XII. scec. usque ad 1632 in ecclesia postscript sunt et notati, 3 vols. Paris, 1728. — * DOLLIXGER : Beitrdge zur Sektengesch. des Mittelalters, Munich, 1890. A most valuable work. Part II., pp. 736, contains original documents, in the collection of which DOLLINGER spent many years and made many journeys. — PAUL FREDERICQ : Corpus documentorum hcer. pravitatis Neerlandicce, 5 vols. Ghent, 1889 sqq. — CA:SAR OF HEISTERBACH : Dialogus. — ETIENNE DE BOURBON: Anecdotes Historiques, ed. by LECOY DE LA MARCHE, Paris, 1877. — MAP : De nugis curialium, Wright's ed. — Epp. Innocentii III., Migne, 214-216. —JACQUES DE VITRY : Hist. orient alis, Douai, 1572, and in MARTENE and DURAND, Thes. anecd., 5 vols. Paris, 1717. — ARNOLD: Unpartheiische Kirchen- und Ketzerhistorie, Frankf., 1729. — FUSSLIN: Kirchen- und Ketzergesch. der mittleren Zeit, 3 vols. Leipzig, 1770-1774. — MOSHEIM : Versuch einer unparthei. Ketzergesch., Helmstadt, 1746. — HAHN: Gesch. der Ketzer im Mittelalter, 3 vols. Stuttg., 1845-1847. — * A. JUNDT: Hist, du pantheisme pop. au moyen <tye,Paris,1875. — *LEA : Hist, of the Inquisi tion, 3 vols. N.Y., 1888. On the setts, I. 57-208. — M. F. Tocco : L'eresia nel medio evo, Florence, 1884. — P. ALPHANDERY : Les idees morales chez les Heteredoxes Latins au de"but du Xfll siecle, Paris, 1903. — HEFELE-KNOPFLER, vol. V. — A. H. NEWMAN : Recent Re searches concerning Med. Sects in Papers of Amer. Soc. of Ch. Hist. 1892, IV. 167-221.
FOR THE CATHARI, § 80 : BONACURSUS (at first a Catharan teacher) : Vita hoRreticorum sen contra Catharos (1190?), Migne, 204. 775-792. — ECBERTUS (canon of Cologne about 1150) : Sermones XIII. adv. Catharorum en-ores, Migne, 195. — ERMENGAUDIJS : Contra hceret., Migne, 204, 1235-1275. —MONETA CREMONENSIS (1240): Adv. Catharos et Valdenses, Rome, 1763. — RAINERIUS SACCHONE (d. about 1263, was a leader among the Cathari for seventeen years, then became a Dominican and an active inquisitor): De Catharibus et Leonistis seu pauperibus de Lugduno in Mart&ne-Durand, Thes. Anecd., V. 1759-1776. — BER- NARDUS GUIDONIS : Practica inquisitionis hereticce pravitatis, ed. by