§ 81. PETER DE BRUYS AND OTHER LEADERS. 483
diated marriage and other sacraments l Eudo died in prison about 1148.
The movement led by Peter de Bruys and Henry of Lau sanne was far more substantial. Both leaders were men of sound sense and ability. Of the personal fortunes of Peter, nothing more is known than that he was a priest, appeared as a reformer about 1105 in Southern France, and was burnt to death, 1126. Peter the Venerable has given us a tolera bly satisfactory account of his teachings and their effect.2
Of Henry of Lausanne, Peter's successor, we know more.3 He was a Benedictine monk, endowed with an unusual gift of elo quence. His name is associated with Lausanne because, as Ber nard tells us, he at one time lived there. The place of his birth is not known. Abandoning the convent, he preached in the diocese of Le Mans during the absence of its bishop, Hildebert, in Rome, and by his permission. Henry won the people, but drew upon himself the hostility of the clergy whose vices he denounced. The bishop, on his return, expelled Henry from his diocese. The evangelist then went to Lausanne and from there to Southern France, joining in the spiritual crusade opened by Peter de Bruys. He practised poverty and preached it to the laity. One of the results of his preaching was that women of loose morals repented and young men were per suaded to marry them. Cardinal Alberic, sent to stamp out the Henrician heresy, called to his aid St. Bernard, the bishop of Chartres and other prelates. According to Bernard's biographer, miracles attended Bernard's activity.4 Henry
^ollinger, I. 98-104. Otto of Freising, De gestis Frid., 54, says he called himself Eudo or Eon, from the liturgical formula, per eum qui venturus est judicare, etc. He is also mentioned by Abeelard in his Introd. ad Theol.
2 Adv. Petrobrusianos, Migne, 189. 719-850. Abselard gives a few lines to him. Migne, 178. 1056. Peter speaks of Peter de Bruys and Henry of Lausanne as duo homuncios, p. 728. See Db'llinger, I. 75-98.
3 See Peter the Venerable, Adv. Petrobrus., Bernard, Ep., 241, in Migne, 182. 435. Dollinger, I. 79 sqq. ; J. von Walter, Die ersten Wanderprediger Frankreichs, II. 130-140; Hauck, in Herzog, VIII. 606 sqq.
* Vita S. Bernardi, Migne, 185, 312 sqq. See the Lives of Bernard by Neander-Deutsch, II. 191-231 ; Vacandard, II. 200 sqq. ; Morison, p. 302 sqq., 404 sq.
484 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1204.
was seized and imprisoned. What his end was, is not known.
Peter the Venerable, at the outset of his treatise, laid down five errors of the Petrobrusians which he proposed to show the falseness and wickedness of. (1) The baptism of persons before they have reached the years of discretion is invalid. Believers' baptism was based upon Mark 16 : 16, and children, growing up, were rebaptized. (2) Church edi fices and consecrated altars are useless. (3) Crosses should be broken up and burnt. (4) The mass is nothing in the world. (5) Prayers, alms, and other good works are unavail ing for the dead. These heresies the good abbot of Cluny called the five poisonous bushes, quinque vigulta venenata, which Peter de Bruys had planted. He gives half of his space to the refutation of the heresy about baptism.
Peter and Henry revived the Donatistic view that piety is es sential to a legitimate priesthood. The word " Church" signi fies the congregation of the faithful and consists in the unity of the assembled believers and not in the stones of the build ing.1 God may be worshipped as acceptably in the market place or a stable as in a consecrated edifice. They preached on the streets and in the open places. As for the cross, as well might a halter or a sword be adored. Peter is said to have cooked meat in the fire made by the crosses he piled up and burnt at St. Gilles, near the mouth of the Rhone. Song, they said, was fit for the tavern, but not for the wor ship of God. God is to be worshipped with the affections of the heart and cannot be moved by vocal notes or wooed by musical modulations.2
The doctrine of transubstantiation was distinctly renounced, and perhaps the Lord's Supper, on the ground that Christ gave up his body on the night of the betrayal once for all.3 Peter not only called upon the priests to marry, but according to Peter the Venerable, he forced unwilling monks to take wives.
lNomen ecclesice congregationem fidelium signat, etc., Pet. Ven., p. 762. Peter goes back as far as Noah's altar to prove the sacredness of localities. 2 Pet. Ven., pp. 765, 847 sq. 3 Peter of Cluny 's meaning is not clear at this point, pp. 722, 765, 787.