§ 87. THE INQUISITION. PROCEDURE AND PENALTIES. 529
On May 12, 1234. six young men, twelve men, and eleven women were burnt at Toulouse.
In the other parts of France, the Inquisition was not so vigorously prosecuted. It included, as we have seen, the order of the Templars. In 1253 the Dominican provincial of Paris was made the supreme Inquisitor. Among the more grim Inquisitors of France was the Dominican Robert le Petit, known as Le Bougre from his having been a Patarene.1 Gregory IX. appointed him inquisitor-general, 1233, and declared God had " given him such special grace that every hunter feared his horn."2 The French king gave him his special aid and a royal bodyguard to attend him. He had hundreds of victims in Western Burgundy and the adjoining regions. In one term of two or three months, he burnt fifty of both sexes.3 At Cambrai he burnt twenty, at Douai ten. His last deed was to burn at Mt. Aime in 1239, twenty-seven, or according to another account more than one hundred and eighty — "a holocaust very great and pleasing to God " as the old chronicler put it.4 In 1239 he was him self consigned to perpetual imprisonment for his misdeeds.
In the Spanish kingdom of Aragon, the number of heretics does not seem to have been large. In 1232 the archbishop of Tarragona was ordered by Gregory IX. to proceed against heretics in conjunction with the Dominicans.5 One of the most famous of all Inquisitors, the Spanish Dominican, Eymericus, was appointed Inquisitor-general 1357, was de posed 1360, and reappointed 1366. He died in exile. His Directorium inquisitorum, written 1376, is the most famous treatise on the mode of treating heresy. Heretics, in his judgment, were justly offered the alternative of submission or the stake. The small number of the victims under the
1 Lea, II. 115 sqq., and especially Haskins.
2 Bull, Aug. 22, 1235, Portland, 9994.
3 According to M. Paris he also buried victims alive. Luard's ed., iii. 361.
4 Haskins, p. 635, adopts the larger number. "And so," said Albericus, " as the story runs, that dogs once came from all directions and tore them selves to pieces in battle at this same place, as a sort of prophecy of what was to be, so these Bugres, worse than dogs, were exterminated in one day to the triumph of Holy Church." Quoted by Haskins. 6Potthast, 8932.
530 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
earlier Inquisition in Spain was fully made up in the series of holocausts begun under Ferdinand in 1480.
In Northern and Central Italy, the Inquisition was fully developed, the first papal commissioners being the bish ops of Brescia and Modena, 1224. The cases of heresy in Southern Italy were few and isolated. In Rome, the first pyres were lighted in 1231, in front of St. Maria Maggiore. From that year on, and at the demand of Gregory IX., the Roman senator took an oath to execute heretics within eight days of their conviction by the ecclesiastical court. The houses sheltering them were to be pulled down. The sen tence condemning heretics was read by the Inquisitor on the steps of the Capitol in the presence of the senator.1 At a later period the special order of San Giovanni Decollate — John, the Beheaded — was formed in Rome, whose members accompanied the condemned to the place of death.
In Germany, the Inquisition did not take full hold till the crusade against witchcraft was started. The Domini cans were formally appointed to take charge of the business in 1248. Of sixty-three papal Inquisitors, known by name, ten were Franciscans, two Augustinians, one of the order of Coelestin, and the rest Dominicans.2 The laws of Frederick II. were renewed or elaborated by Rudolf, 1292, and other emperors,3 and the laws of the Church by many provincial councils.4 The bishops of Treves, Mainz, and Cologne in terfered at times with the persecution of the Beghards and Beguines, and appealed, as against the papal Inquisitors, to
1 Gregorovius, V. 156-161. The assertion has often been made, by the Spaniard Balmes in 1842, the Abbe" Coeur, 1846, a writer in the Dublin Review, 1850, and others, that Rome never witnessed an execution for heresy. Dollinger and Reusch in their edition of Bellarmin, Bonn, 1887, p. 233, have paid their respects 'to this mistake and give a list of more than twenty persons, Waldenses, Lutherans, and Jews, burnt in the papal city as late as 1553-1635. 2 Flade, p. 37 sq.
3 Henry VII., 1312 and Charles IV., 1369, 1371, 1373, etc. ; Flade, p. 10. According to Charles' law the confiscated property of heretics was divided into three parts which went respectively for alms, to the Inquisitors, and to municipalities for the repair of streets and walls.
4 Flade, p. 24, gives a list of seventy-one between 1227-1452,