§ 111. ROGER BACON. 699
scholastic honors; Bacon of being a patient and conscientious investigator.
Professor Adamson and Dr. Bridges, two eminent Baconian scholars, have placed Roger Bacon at the side of such thinkers as Albert us Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. A close student of the Middle Ages, Coulton, has recently gone so far as to pronounce him a greater intellect than Thomas Aquinas.1 The honor accorded to him in these recent days in circles of scientific research is as genuine as the honor given to the Angelic doctor in the Catholic communion. There is, how ever, danger of ascribing to him too much. Nevertheless, this forerunner of modern investigation may by common ver dict, though unhonored in his own age, come to be placed higher as a benefactor of mankind than the master of meta physical subtlety, Duns Scotus, who spoke to his age and its immediate successors with authority.
1 From St. Francis to Dante, p. 293.
CHAPTER XIV.
THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM. § 112. Literature on the Sacraments.
LITERATURE: — GENERAL WORKS: The Writings of Abselard, Hugo of St. Victor, Peter Lombard, Alb. Magnus, Th. Aquinas, Bonaventura, Duns Scotus, and other Schoolmen. — G. L. HAHN : Lehre von d. Sakramenten, Breslau, 1864. — *J. SCHWANE : Dogmengesch. der mittleren Zeit, 787-1517, Freib. 1882, pp. 579-693.— J. H. OSWALD: D9 dogmatische Lehre von d. hi. Sakramenten d. kathol. Kirche, 5th ed., Munich, 1894. — The Histories of Christ. Doctr. of FISHER, pp. 254-263 ; HARNACK, II. 462-562 ; LOOPS, pp. 298-304 ; SEEBERG, II. 107 sqq. — HERGENROTHER- KIRSCH : Kirchengesch., II. 682-701. The works on Canon Law of HINSCHIUS; P. HERGENROTHER (Rom. Cath.), pp. 667-684; FRIEDBERG, pp. 374-495. — HEFELE-KNOPFLER, V. VI. — The art. Sakrament in Wetzer-Welte and Herzog. — D. S. SCHAFF : The Sacramental TJieory of the Med. Ch. in "Princeton Rev.," 1906, pp. 206-236.
ON THE EUCHARIST, §§ 115, 116 : DALGAIRNS : The Holy Communion, its Philos., TheoL, and Practice, Dublin, 1861. — F. S. RENZ : D. Gesch. d. Messopfer-Begriffs, etc., 1st vol., Alterthum und Mittelalter, Munich, 1901. — J. SMEND : Kelchversagung und Kelchspendung in d. abendldnd. Kirche, Getting., 1898- —A. FRANZ : D. Messe imdeutschen Mittelalter, Freib., 1902. — Artt. Communion, Messe, Transubstantiation in Wetzer- Welte and Abendmahl and Kindercommunion in Herzog.
ON PENANCE AND INDULGENCES, §§ 117, 118 : JOAN MORINUS : Comment, hist, de disciplina in administratione sacr. pcenitentice, Paris, 1651. — F. BERINGER, S.J., transl. fr. the French by J. SCHNEIDER: D. Abldsse, ihrWesen und Gebrauch, 12th ed., Paderb., 1900. — *K. MULLER: D. Umschwung in der Lehre von d. Busse ivahrend d. 12ten Jahrhunderts, Freib., 1892. — H. C. LEA: A Formulary of the Papal Penitentiary in the 13th Century, Phil., 1892 ; * A Hist, of Auricular Confession and Indul gences, 3 vols. Phil., 1896. — *Tn. BRIEGER : D. Wesen des Ablasses am Ausgange des Mittelalters, Leipzig., 1897. — A. KURTZ : D. kathol. Lehre vom Ablass vor und nach dem Auftreten Luthers, Paderb., 1900. — C. M. ROBERTS : Hist, of Confession until it developed into Auric. Conf. A.D. 1215, London, 1901. — * W. KOHLER : Dokumente zum Ablassstreit vom 1517, Tubing., 1902. Very convenient, containing thirty-two of the most important documents on the subject and including Jacob von Juterbocks, Tract, de indulgentiis, c. 1451, and excerpts from the Ccelifodina, 1502. — *A. GOTTLOB : Kreuzablass u. Almosenablass, Stuttg., 1906. — A.M. KOENIGER : D. Beicht nach Ccesarius von Heisterbach,
§ 113. THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS. 701
Mun., 1906.— Artt. Ablass, * Bussdisciplin by FUNK, II. 1562-1590, and Busse, II. 1590-1614, in Wetzer- Welte and * Indulgenzenby TH. BRIEGER in Herzog, IX. 76-94. For other lit. see Brieger's art. in Herzog.
ON EXTREME UNCTION, ETC., §119 : See artt. Oelung and Ordo in Wetzer- Welte, IX. 716 sqq., 1027 sqq., and Oelung by KATTENBUSCH and Priesterweihe in Herzog, XIV. 304 sqq., XVI. 47 sqq. For marriage, the works on Christian Ethics. — Vox EICKEN : Gesch. u. System der mittelalterl. Weltanschauung, pp. 437-487, Stuttg., 1887. — The artt. Ehe in Herzog, V. 182 sqq. and Wetzer- Welte, IV. 142-231 (including a number of subjects pertaining to marriage).
ON GRACE AND THE FUTURE STATE, §§ 120, 121 : ANSELM : De conceptu virginalietoriginalepeccato, Migne, 158. 431-467. — P. LOMBARDUS : Sent., 11.31, etc. — H. OF ST. VICTOR : De sacramentis, I. 7, Migne, 176. 287-306. — ALB. MAGNUS : In Sent., II. 31 sqq., etc., Borgnet'sed., XXVII. — BONA- VENTURA : In Sent., II., etc.; Peltier's ed., III. — TH. AQUINAS : Summa, II. 71-90, III. 52 sqq.; Supplem., LXIX. sqq., Migne, IV. 1215-1459. - DUNS SCOTUS : Reportata, XXIV.-XXVI., etc. The Histories of Doc trine of SCHWANE, pp. 393-493, HARNACK, LOOFS, SEEBERG, SHELDON.