774 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
Bonaventura took the same ground. The pope is supreme in all matters pertaining to the Church. He is the source of authority in all that belongs to prelatic administration, yea his authority extends from the highest to the humblest member of the Church.1 Great bishops might have their disputes with the Apostolic see, but, in the end, they yielded to its claim of supreme jurisdiction. So it was with Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. He declared, " I know and know full well, that our lord, the pope, has authority to freely act concerning all ecclesiastical benefices."2
Clement IV. was simply expressing the general opinion of Latin Christendom, when he claimed for the Roman pontiff the " full right to dispose of all churches, ecclesiastical dig nities, positions, and benefices."3
Theoretically it is a disputed point whether an oecumeni cal council or the pope was regarded as supreme. But, in fact, popes controlled the legislation of the general councils in this period as though they were supreme, and they fixed the legislation of the Church, as was the case with Gregory IX. The relative authority of pope and council did not become an urgent question till the thirteenth century.
The pope also claimed the right to levy taxes at will on all portions of the Church. This claim, definitely made by the popes of the second half of the thirteenth century, led to the scandalous abuses of the fourteenth century which shocked the moral sense of Christendom and finally called forth the Reformatory councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basel.
Beginning with Innocent III., it became the fixed custom for the pope to speak of himself as the vicar of Christ and the vicar of God. He was henceforth exclusively addressed as "holiness" or "most holy" —sanctitas or sanctissimus.*
lBrevil, VI. 12, Peltier's ed., VII. 327. Christi vicarius fons, origo, et regula omnium principatuum eccles., etc.
2 Ep., 49. See Luard's ed., p. x.
3 Ad quern plenarla de omnibus totius orbis beneficiis eccles. dispositio pertinet, etc. Lib. Sext., Friedberg, II. 102.
4 So Thomas Aquinas in his c. errores Grcec. Bernard, Epp., 187. 341, 356, 396, etc.
§ 123. PAPAL SUPREMACY IN CHURCH AND STATE. 775
The Pope and the Individual. — For Cyprian's motto, " there is no salvation outside of the Church," was substituted, there is no salvation outside of the Roman Church. It was dis tinctly stated that all who refuse subjection to the pope are heretics.1 From the pope's authority to loose and bind no human being is exempted. Nothing is exempted from his jurisdiction.2
The Pope and the State. — England, Poland, Norway, and Sweden, Portugal, Aragon, Naples, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily, not to speak of portions of Central Italy, were in this period, for a longer or shorter time, fiefs of the Apos tolic see. In 1299, the same claim was made over Scotland. The nations from Edessa to Scotland and from Castile to Riga were reminded that Rome was the throbbing centre of divinely bequeathed authority. The islands of the West were its to bestow. To Peter was given, so Innocent wrote, not only the universal Church, but the whole earth that he might rule it.3 His practice, as we have seen, followed his pen. There was a time when the pope recognized the su perior authority of the emperor, as did Gregory the Great in 593.* Peter Damiani, writing in the age of Gregory VII., recognized the distinction and coordination of the two swords and the two realms.5 But another conception took its place, the subordination of all civil authority under the pope. To depose princes, to absolve subjects from alle giance, to actively foment rebellion as against Frederick II., to divert lands as in Southern France, to give away crowns, to extort by threat of the severest ecclesiastical penalties the payment of tribute, to punish religious dissenters with per petual imprisonment or turn them over to the secular au thorities, knowing death would be the punishment, to send and consecrate crusading armies, and to invade the realm of the civil court, usurp its authority, and annul a nation's
JThe Dictatus papce of Deusdedit. Mirbt, p. 113. 2 Deus nullum excepit, nihil ab ejus potestate subtraxit. Reg., IV. 2. 8 Petro non solum universam eccles. sed totum reliquit seculum gubernandum. Ep. I. 401, Mirbt, p. 130.
4 Hauck, p. 1. 6 Mirbt, Quellen, pp. 99 sq.