828 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
On his visit to Lyons, 1250, Grosseteste's memorandum against the abuses of the clergy was read in the pope's pres ence. "Not in dispensing the mass but in teaching the living truth " does the work of the pastor consist, so it de clared. " The lives of the clergy are the book of the laity." Adam Marsh, who was standing by, compared the arraign ment to the arraignments of Elijah, John the Baptist, Paul, Athanasius, and Augustine of Hippo.
According to Matthew Paris, on the night of Grosseteste's death strange bells were heard. Miracles were reported performed at his tomb, and the rumor ran that, when Inno cent was proposing to have the bishop's body removed from its resting-place in the cathedral, Grosseteste appeared to the pope in a dream, gave him a sound reprimand, and left him half dead. The popular veneration was shown in the legend that on the night of Innocent IV's death the bishop appeared to him with the words, "Aryse, wretch, and come to thy dome."
In the earlier part of his life, Grosseteste preached in Latin ; in the latter he often used the vernacular. He was the greatest English preacher of his age. He was not above the superstitions of his time, and one of his famous sermons was preached before Henry III. at the reception of the re puted blood of Christ.1 His writings are full of Scriptural quotations, and he urged the importance of the study of the Scriptures at the university, and the dedication of the morn ing hours to it, and emphasized their authority.2 Wyclif quoted his protest against the practices of Rome,3 and he has been regarded as a forerunner of the English Reforma tion.
Of Grosseteste's writings the best known was probably his de cessations legalium, the End of the Law, a book intended to convince the Jews. With the aid of John of Basingstoke,
1 M. Paris, IV. 643 sqq., VI. 138-144.
2 Ep. 2. auctoritas irrefragabilis scriptural.
8 Bishop Hall quoted Grosseteste for his scriptural views, and Field, Of the Church, IV. 384 sqq., quoted him against the pope's claim to supreme authority, but wrongly.
§ 129. TWO ENGLISH BISHOPS. 829
he translated the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, which Basingstoke had found in Constantinople.1 He seems to have been a man of sterling common sense, as the following counsels indicate. To a friar he said : " Three things are necessary for earthly well-being, food, sleep, and a merry heart.'* To another friar addicted to melancholy, he pre scribed, as penance, a cupfull of the best wine. After the medicine had been taken, Grosseteste said, " Dear brother, if you would frequently do such penance, you would have a better ordered conscience."2
Matthew Paris (V. 407) summed up the bishop's career in these words : —
" He was an open confuter of both popes and kings, the corrector of monks, the director of priests, the instructor of clerks, the supporter of scholars, a preacher to the people, a persecutor of the incontinent, the unwearied student of the Scriptures, a crusher and despiser of the Ro mans. At the table of bodily meat, he was hospitable, eloquent, cour teous, and affable ; at the spiritual table, devout, tearful, and contrite. In the episcopal office he was sedulous, dignified, and indefatigable."
1 Pegge devotes twenty-five closely filled pages with the list of the bish op's books.
2 Mon. Franc. t p. 64.
CHAPTER XVI.
POPULAR WORSHIP AND SUPERSTITION.
§ 130. The Worship of Mary.
LITERATURE: The Works of the Schoolmen, especially, DAMIANI: de bono suffrayiorum et variis miraculis, prcesertim B. Virginis, Migne, 145. 559 sqq., 580 sqq., etc. — ANSELM : Orationes et meditatiojies, de conceptu virginis, Migne, vol. 158. — GUIBERT OF NOGENT: de laudibus 8. Marice, Migne, 156. 537-579. — HONORIUS OF AUTUN : Sigillum b. Marice, Migne, 172. 495-518. — BERNARD: de laudibus virginis matris, Migne, 183. 55 sqq., 70 sqq., 415 sqq., etc. — P. LOMBARDUS : Sent., III. 3 sqq. — HUGO DE ST. VICTOR : de Marice virginitate, Migne, 176. 857-875, etc. — ALB. MAGNUS: de laudibus b. Marice virginis, Borgnet's ed., 36. 1-841. — BONAVENTURA: In Sent., III. 3, Peltier's ed., IV. 53 sqq., 105 sqq., 202 sqq., etc. ; de corona b. Marice V., Speculum b. M. V., Laus b. M. V., Psalterium minus et majus b. M. V., etc., all in Peltier's ed., XIV. 179-293. — TH. AQUINAS : Summa, III. 27-35, Migne, IV. 245- 319. — Analecta Hymnica medii aevi, ed. by G. M. DREVES, 49 Parts, Leipz., 1886-1906. — Popular writers as CAESAR OF HEISTERBACH, DE BOURBON, THOMAS A CHANTIMPRK, and DE VORAGINE : Legenda aurea, Englished by William Caxton, Kelmscott Press ed., 1892 ; Temple classics ed., 7 vols.
F. MARGOTT: D. Mariologie d. hi. Th. v. Aquino, Freiburg, 1878. — B. HAUS- LER : de Marice plenitudine gratice secundum S. Bernardum, Freiburg, 1901. — H. VON EICKEN : Gesch. und System d. mittelalt. Weltan schauung, Stuttg., 1887, p. 476 sqq. — K. BENRATH : Zur Gesch. der Marienverehrung, Gotha, 1886. — The Histt. of Doctr. of SCHWANE, pp. 413-428, HARNACK, II. 558-562, SEEBERG, SHELDON, etc. — SCHAFF : Creeds of Christendom, I. 108-128. The artt. in Wetzer-Welte, Empfdngniss, IV. 454-474, Maria, Marienlegenden, Marienfeste, vol. VIII., Ave Maria, Rosenkranz, and the art. Maria, by ZOCKLER in Herzog. — Mrs. JAMIESON : Legends of the Monastic Orders. — BARING-GOULD: Lives of the Saints, Curious Myths of the M. Ages. — BUTLER: Legends of the Saints.
Ave cceleste lilium, Ace rosa speciosa Ave mater humilium, Superis imperiosci,