§135. THE FLAGELLANTS. 877
to make popular the discipline of flagellation, which was practised in the convent, and to secure penitential results, such as the monk was supposed to reach.
The most notable adept of this conventual flagellation was Dominicus Loricatus (d. 1060), who got his name from the iron coat he wore next to his skin. He accompanied the repetition of every psalm with a hundred strokes with a lash on his naked back. Three thousand strokes were equiva lent to a year's penance. But Loricatus beat all records and accomplished the exercise of the entire Psalter no less than twenty times in six days, the equiva^nt of a hundred years of penance. Peter Damiani, to whom we are indebted for our account, relates that the zealous ascetic, after saying nine Psalters in a single day, accompanying them with the required number of lashes, went to his cell to make sure the count was right. Then removing his iron jacket and taking a scourge in each hand, he kept on repeating the Psalter the whole night through till he had finished it the twelfth time and was well into the thirteenth when he stopped.
What is your body, exclaimed Damiani, who contented himself with prescribing forty psalms a day for his monks, — " what is your body ? Is it not carrion, a mass of corrup tion, dust, and ashes, and what thanks will the worms give for taking good care of it ? " 1
Under the appeals of preachers like Fulke of Neuilly and Anthony of Padua, there were abnormal physical manifesta tions, and hearers set to work flagellating themselves.
The Flagellant outbreak of 1259 started at Perugia and spread like an epidemic. All classes, young and old, were seized. With bodies bared to the waist, carrying crosses and banners and singing hymns, newly composed and old, they marched to and fro in the streets, scourging themselves. Priests and monks joined the ranks of the penitents. Re markable scenes of moral reform took place. Usurers gave up their ill-gotten gains ; murderers confessed, and, with
1 Migne, 144. 1017. Damiani says of Loricatus, lorica ferrea vestitur ad carnem, Migne, 145. 747. He compared the body to a timbrel which is to be struck in praise to God.
878 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
swords pointed to their throats, offered themselves up to justice ; enemies were reconciled. And as the chatty chron icler, Salimbene, goes on to say, if any would not scourge himself, he was held to be a limb of Satan. And what is more, such persons were soon overtaken with sickness or premature death.1 Twenty thousand marched from Modena to Bologna. At Reggio, Parma, arid other cities, the chief officials joined them. But all were not so favorable, and the Cremona authorities and Manfred forbade their entering their territories.
The ardor cooled off quickly in Italy, but it spread beyond the Alps. Twelve hundred Flagellants appeared in Strassburg and the impulse was felt as far as Poland and Bohemia. The German penitents continued their penance thirty-three days in memory of the number of the years of Christ's life. They chastised themselves and also sang hymns. Here also the enthusiasm subsided as suddenly as it was enkindled. The repetitions of the movement belong to the next period.
§ 136. Demonoloyy and the Dark Arts.
LITERATURE: ANSELM : de casn diaboli, Migne, 158. 326-362. — P. LOMBAR- DUS : Sent., II. 7 sqq. — ALB. MAGNUS: In Sent., Borgnet'sed., XXVII. etc. — TH. AQUINAS: Summa, I. 51 sqq., II. 94-96, Migne, I. 893 sqq., II. 718 sqq., etc. Popular statements, e.g. P. DAMIANI, Migne, 144, 145. — PETER THE VENERABLE : de mirac., Migne, 189. 850-954. — JOHN OF SALISBURY: Polycraticus, Migne, 199.405 sqq. — Walter Map — C^SAR or HEISTERBACH : Dial, mirac. Strange's ed., 2 vols. Bonn, 18il, espe cially Bk. V. — THOS. A CHANTIMPRE: Bonum universale de apibus, Germ. Reprod. by A. KAUFMANN, Col. 1899. — JAC. DE VORAGINE : Golden Legend, Temple Class, ed. — ETIENNE DE BOURBON, especially Part IV. — * T. WRIGHT : Narrative of Sorcery and Magic, 2 vols. Lond., 1851. — *G. ROSKOFF : Gesch. des Teufels, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1869.— * W. G. SOLDAU : Gesch. der Hexenprocesse, Stuttg., 1843; new ed. , by HEPPE, 2 vols. Stuttg., 1880.— * LEA : Hist, of the Inquis., III. 379-550'. — LECKY : Hist, of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe, chap. I. — DOLLINGER-FRIEDRICH: D. Papstthum, Munich, 1892. — A. D. WHITE: Hist, of the Warfare of Science and Theol. in Christendom, "2 vols. N.Y., 1898. — * JOSEPH HANSEN : Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprocess im Mittelalter und die Entstehung der grossen Hexenverfolgung, Munich, 1900 ; * Quellen und Untersuchun-
1 Coulton, From St. Francis io D<i.i>.l'>. pp. 19- sq.