184 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
33 Greeks^ of whom 1H wpr^ niRtropnlita^ Archbishop Mark of Ephesus w^s the only one^ of the^Oriejitals who refused to sigii. The patriarcli of Constantinople had died a month before, but wrote approving the union. His body lies buried in S. Maria Novella, Florence. His remains and the original manuscript of the articles, which is preserved in the Laurentian library at Florence, are the only relics left of the union.
On July 6, 1489, the articles were publicly read-in JJia, cathedral oL Florence, the Greek text by Bessarion, and the Latin by Cesarini. The pope was present and celebrated the mass. The Latins sang hymns in Latin, and the Greeks followed them with hymns of their own. Eugenius promised for the defence of Constantinople a garrison of three hundred and two galleys and, if necessary, the armed help uf Westeij;! Cluistendom.^ After tarrying for a month to receive the five months of arrearages of his stipend, the emperor returned by way of Venice to his capital, from which he had been absent two years.
The Ferrara agreement proved to be a shell of paper, and all the parade and rejoicing at the conclusion of the proceedings were made ridiculous by the utter rejecUon^f its articlps^ in Constantinople^^
On their return, the delegates were hooted as Azymites, the name given in contempt to the Latins for using unleavened bread in the eucharist. Isidore, after making announcement of the union at Ofen, was seized and put into a convent, from which he escaped two years later to Rome. The patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria issued a letter frorn Jerusalem, 1443, denouncing the couucil of Florence as a synod of robbers and Metrophanes, the Byzantine patriarch as a matricide and heretic.
It is true the articles were published in St. Sophia, Dec. 14, 1452, by a Latin cardinal, but six months later, Constantinople was in the hands of the Mohammedans. A Greek
council, meeting in Constantinople, 1472, formally rejected the union.
On the other hand, the success of the Roman policy was
§ 18. THE COUNCIL OF FERRAEA-FLORENCE. 185
announcedthrough Western Europe. Eugenius' position was strengthened by the empty triumph, and in the same proportion the influence of the Basel synod lessened. If cordial relations between churches of the East and the West were not promoted at Ferrara and Florence, a beneticent influence flowed from the council in another direction by the diffusion of Greek scholarship and letters in the West.
D^l e gatlDiLsalso-Jyo m the-Ar m e nia n^-and _ Jajeabiies^rppeat¥ed at Florence respectively in 1439 and 14i2. Tlia Copts and Ethiopians also seat -delagationrSr and it seemed as if the time had arrived for the reunion of all the distracted parts of Christendom.i A union with the Armenians, announced Nov. 22, 1439, declared that the Eastern delegates had accepted the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Son and the Chalcedon Council giving Christ two natures and by implication two wills. The uniate Armenians have proved true to the union. The Armenian catholicos, Gregory IX., who attempted to enforce the union, was deposed, and the Turks, in 1461, set u|) an Armenian patriarch, with seat at Constantinople. The union of the Jacobites, proclaimed in 1442, was universally disowned in the East. The attempts to concilijite the Cojjts and Ethiogiaiis were f utiles, Eugenius sent envoys to the East to apprise the Maronites and the Nestorians of the efforts at reunion. The Nestorians on the island of Cyprus submitted to Rom^, and a century later, during the sessions of the Fifth Lateran, 1516, the Maronites were received into the Ilomau coni; munion.
On Aug. 7, 1445, Eugenius adjourned the long council which had begun its sittings at Basel, continued them at Ferrara and Florence, and concluded them in the Lateran.
1 See Mansi, XXXI. 1047 sqq. ; Hefele-Knopfler, VII. 788 sqq. The only meeting since between Greeks and Western ecclesiastics of public note was at the Bonn Conference, 1875, in which DoUinger and the Old-Catholics took the most prominent part. Dr. Philip Schaff and several Anglican divines also participated. See Creeds of Christendom, II, 545-554, and Life of Philip Schaff, pp. 277-280.
chaptp:r III.
LEADERS OF CATHOLIC THOUGHT. § 19. Literature.
For § 20. OcKAM AND THE Decay OF SCHOLASTICISM. — No coHiplete ed. of Ockam's works exists. The fullest lists are given by Kiezlkr, see below, Little: Grey Friars of Oxford, pp. 225-234, and Potthast: II. 871-873. Goldast's Monarchia, II. 31.3-1290, contains a number of his work-s, e.g. opus nonaginta dieruin, Compendium errorum Johannis XXII., De utili dominio reriim eccles. et ahdicatione bonorum temporalium, Super potestatem summi pontificis, Qucestiontwi octo decisiones, Dial, de potestate papali et imperiali in tres partes distinctiis, (1) de hcereticis, (2) de erroribus Joh. XXII., (3) de potestate papoe, conciliorum et imperatoris (first publ. 2 vols., Paris, 1476). — Other works : Expositio aurea super totam artem veterem, a, com. on Porphyky's Isagoge, and Aristotle's Elenchus, Bologna, 1496. — Summa logices, Paris, 1488. — Super IV. libros sententiarum, Lyons, 1483. — De Sacramento altaris, Strassburg, 1491. — De proedestinatione et futuris contingentib^is, Bologna, 1490. — Quodlibeta septem, Paris, 1487. — Rikzlkk: D. antipupstlichen und publizistischen Schriften Occams in his Die literar. Widersacher, etc., 241-277. — Haureau : La philos. scolastique. — Werner : Die Srholastik des spilteren M.A., II., Vienna, 1883, and Der hi. Thos. von Aquino, III. — Stuckl : Die Philos. des M.A., II. 986-1021, and art. Xominalismus in Wetzer-Welte, IX. — Baur : Die christl. Kirche d. M.A., p. 377 sqq. — MiJLLER : Der Kampf Ludioigs des Baiern. — R. L. Poole in Diet, of Natl. Biog., XLI. 357-362.— R. Seebero in Herzog, XIV. 260-280. — A. Dorxer; D. VerhHUniss von Kirche und Staat nach Occam in Studien und Kritiken, 1885, pp. 672-722, — F. Kroi'atsciieck : Occam und Luther in Beitr. zur Forderung christl. Theol., Giitersloh, 1900. — Art. Xominalismus, by Stockl in Wetzer-Welte, IX. 42.3-427.
For § 21. Catherine of Siena. — Her writing.s. Epistole ed orazioni delta seraphica vergine %. Catterina da Siena, Venice, 1500, etc. — Best ed. 6 vols., Siena, 1707-1726. — Engl, trans, of the Dialogiie of the Seraphic Virgin Cath. of Siena, by Algar Tuorold, London, 1890. — llev Letters, ed. by N. ToMMASEO : Le lettere di S. Caterina da Siena, 4 vols., Florence, 1860. — *Engl. trans, by Vida D. Scudder : St. Cath. of Siena as seen in her Letters, London, 1905, 2d ed., 1906. — Her biography is based upon the Life written by her confessor, Raymundo de Vineis sive de Capua, d. 1399 : vita s. Cath. Sc7iensis, included in the Siena ed. of her works and in the Acta Sanctt. III. 85.3-959. — Ital. trans, by Catherine's secretary, Neri de Landoccio, Fr. trans, by E. Caktier, Paris, 1853, 4th ed., 1877. — An abbreviation of Raymund's work, with annotations, Leggenda della Cat. da Siena, usually called
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