§ 48. LITERATURE AND GENERAL SURVEY. 401
moderate in his estimate of the vices of the popes, and in details not always reliable. Gregorovius' nan-ation is searching and brilliant. He is unsparing in his reprobation of the dissoluteness of Roman society and backs his statements with authorities. Pastor's masterly and graphic treatment is the most extensive work on the period. Although written with ultramontane prepossessions, it is often unsparing when it deals with the corruption of popes and cardinals, especially Alexander VI., who has never been set forth in darker colors since the 16th century than on its pages.
For § 49. Nicolas V. — Lives by Platina and in Muratori, especially Manetti. — Infessura : pp. 46-59. — Gibbon: Hist, of Borne, ch. LXVIII. For the Fall of Constantinople. — Gregorovius: VII. 101-160. — Creighton: IL 273-365. — Pastor : L 351-774. — Geo. Findlay : Hist, of Greece to 1864, 7 vols., Oxford, 1877, vols. IV., V. — Edav. Pears : The Destruction of the German Empire and the Story of the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks, London, 1903, pp. 476.
For § 50. Pius II. — Opera omnia, Basel, 1551, 1571, 1589. — Opera inedita, by I. Cugnoni, Rome, 1883. — His Commentaries, Pii pontif. max. commentarii rerum memorahilium quce temporibus suis contigerunt, with the continuation of Cardinal Ammanati, Frankfurt, 1614. Last ed. Rome, 1894. — Epistolce, Cologne, 1478, and often. Also in opera, Basel, 1551. — A.Weiss : ^neas Sylvius als Papst Pius II. Bede mit 149 bisher imgedruckten Briefen, Graz, 1897. — Fine Bede d. Enea Silvio vor d. C. zu Basel, ed. J. Hauler in Quellen u. Forschunrjen aus ital. Archiven, etc., Rome, 1900, III. 82-102. — Pastor : II. 714-747 gives a number of Pius' letters before unpubl. — Orationes polit. et eccles. by Mansi, 3 vols., Lucae, 1755-1759. — Historia Frid. HI. Best ed. by Kollar, Vienna, 1762, Germ, trans, by Ilgen, 2 vols., in Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit., Leipzig, 1889 sq. — Addresses at the Congress of Mantua and the bulls Execrabilis and In minoribus in Mansi: Condi., XXXIL, 191-267.— For full list of edd. of Pius' Works, see Potthast, I. 19-25. — Platina: Lives of the Popes. — Antonius Cam- PANUS : Vita Pii II., in Muratori, Scripp., III. 2, pp. 969-992. — G. Voigt : Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini als Papst Pi2(s II. und sein Zeitalter, 3 vols., Berlin, 1856-1863. — K. Hase : ^7t. Syl. Piccolomini, in Bosenvorlesungen, pp. 56-88, Leipzig, 1880. — A. Brockhaus : Gregor von Heimburg, Leipzig, 1861. — K. Menzel : Diether von Isenberg, als Bischofvon 3Iainz, 14-59-1463, Erlangen, 1868. — Gregorovius : VII. 160-218. — Burckhardt. — Creigh- TON : II. 365-500. — Pastor : II. 1-293. Art. Pius II. by Benrath in Herzog, XV. 422-435.
For § 51. Paul II. — Lives by Platina, Gaspar Veronensis, and M. Canensius of Viterbo, both in Muratori, new ed., 1904, III., XVI., p.3sqq., with Preface, pp. i-xlvi. — A. Patritius: Descriptio adventus Friderici III. ad Pauhtm II., Muratori, XXIII. 205-215. — Ammanati's Continuation of Pius II. 's Commentaries, Frankfurt ed., 1614. Gaspar Veronensis gives a panegyric of the cardinals and Paul's relatives, and stops before really taking up Paul's biography. Platina, from personal pique, disparaged Paul II. Canensius' Life is in answer to Platina, and the most important biography. — Gregorovius : VII. — Creighton: III. — Pastor: II.
For §§ 62, 53. Sixtus IV., Innocent VIII. — Infessura, pp. 75-283. — 2i>
402 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
BuRCHARD, in Thuasne's ed., vol. I. — J. Gher.\rdi da Volterra : Diario Romano, 1479-14S4i in Muratori, Scripp., XXIII. 3, also the ed. of 1904. — Platina in Muratori, III., p. 1053, etc. (accepted by Pastor as genuine and with some question by Creighton). — Sigismondo dei Conti da FoLiGKO : vol. I. Infessura is severe on Sixtus IV. and Innocent VIII. Volterra, who received an office from Sixtus, does not pronounce a formal judgment. Sigismondo, who was advanced by Sixtus, is partial to him. — A. Thuasne : Djem, SiiUan, fils de Mohammed II. d''apres les documents originaux en grande partie inedits, Paris, 1892. — Gregorovius : VII. 241- 340. —Pastor : II. 451-III. 284. — Creighton : III. 5G-lo6. — W. Roscoe : Life of Lorenzo the Magnificent, 2 vols., Liverpool, 1795, 6th ed., London, 1825, etc.
§ 54. Alexander VI. — Bulls in Bullarium Rom. — The Regestaoi A\e-x.., filling 113 vols., in the Vatican, Nos. 772-884. After being hidden from view for three centuries, they were opened, 1888, by Leo XIII. to the inspection and use of Pastor. — See Pastor's Preface in his Gesch. der Pdpste. — Infessura. Stops at Feb. 26, 1494. — Burchard: vols. II., III. — Sigismondo de' Conti : Le storie, etc. — Gordon: Life of Alex. VI., London, 1728.
— Abbe Ollivier : Le pape Alex. VI. et les Borgia, Paris, 1870. — V. Nemec : Papst Alex. VI., eine Rechtfertigung, Klagenfurt, 1879. Both attempts to rescue this pope from infamy. — Leonetti : Papa Aless. VI.., 3 vols., Bologna, 1880. — M. Brosch : Alex. VI. u. seine Sohne, Vienna, 1889. — C. von Hofler : Don Rodrigo de Borgia und seine Sohne, Don Pedro Luis u. Don Juan, Vienna, 1889. — Hofler: D. Katastrophe des herzoglichen Hauses des Borgias von Gandia, Vienna, 1892. — Schubert- SoLDEM : D. Borgias u. ihre Zeit, 1907. — Reumont : Gesch. der Stadt Rom. Also art. Alex. VI. in Wetzer-Welte,-I. 483-491. — H. F. Delaborde: U expedition de Chas. VIII en Italic, Paris, 1888. — Ranke : Hist, of the Popes. — RoscoE : Life of Lorenzo. — Gregorovius : Hist, of City of Rome, vol. VII. Also Lucrezia Borgia, 3d ed., Stuttgart, 1875. Engl, trans, by J. L. Garner, 2 vols., New York, 1903. — Creighton : III. — Pastor : III.
— Hergenrother-Kirsch : III. 982-988. — * P. Villari : Machiavelli and his Times, Engl. tran.s., 4 vols., London, 1878-1883. — Burckhardt and Symonds on the Renaissance. — E. G. Bourne : Demarcation Line of Alex. VI. in Essays in Hist. Criticism. — Lord Acton: The Borgias and their Latest Historian, in North Brit. Rev., 1871, pp. 351-367.
For § 55. Julius II. Bullarium IV. — Burchard: Diarium to May, 1506. — Sigismondo : vol. II. — Paris de Grassis, master of ceremonies at the Vatican, 1504 sqq. : Diarium from May 12, 1504, ed. by L. Frati, Bologna, 1886, and Dollinger in Beitrage zur pol. kirchl. u. Culturgesch. d. letzen 6 Jahrh., 3 vols., Vienna, 186.3-1882, III. .363-433. — A. Giustinian, Venetian ambassador : Dispacci, Despatches, 1502-1605, ed. by Villari, 3 vols., Florence, 1876, and by Rawdon Browning in Calendar of State Papers, London, 1864 sq. — Fr. Vettori : So77imario della storia d' Italia 1511-1527, ed. by Reumont in Arch. Stor. Ital., Append. B., pp. 261-387. — Dusmenil: Hist, de Jules II., Paris, 1873. — * M. Brosch : Papst Julius II. und die Griindung des Kirchonstaats, Gotha, 1878. — P. Lehmann : D. pisaner Konzil vom Jahre, 1511, Breslau, 1874. — Hefele-Hergenrotiier : VIII.