§ 55. JULIUS II., THE WARRIOR-POPE. 1503-1513. 467
did the children give offence by their ostentatious presence in the pontifical palace. Julius also took care of his nephews. Two of them were appointed to the sacred college, Nov. 29, 1503, and later two more were honored with the same dignity. For making the Spanish scholar, Ximenes, cardinal, Julius deserved wellof other ages as well as his own. HewasaJionLnilfiii He had a dignified and imposing presence and a bright, penetrating eye. Under his white hair glowed the intellectual fire of youth. He was rapid in his movements even to impetuosity, and brave even to daring. Defeats that would have disheartened even the bravest, seemed only to intensify Julius' resolution. If his language was often violent, the excuse is offered that violence of speech was common at that time. As a cardinal he had shown himself a diplomat rather than a saint, and as pope_he sho>yed himself a warrior rather than a priest. When Michael Angelo, who was ordered to execute the pope's statue in bronze, was representing Julius with his right hand raised, the pope asked, " What are you going to put into the left ? " " It may be a book," answered the artist. " Nay, give me a sword, for I am no scholar," was the pope's reply. Nothing could be more characteristic.^
Julius' administration at once brought r&posgjjid. confidence to'thesacred^^ollege.and Rome. If he did not keep his promise to abide by the protocol adopted in the conclave calling for the assembling of a council within two years, he may be'forgiven on the ground of the serious task he had before him in strengthening the political authority of the papal see. This was the chief aim of his pontificate. He deserves the title of the founder of the State of the Churcha_a realm that, with small changes, remained papal territory till 1870. This end being secured, he devoted himself to redeeming Italy from its foreign invaders. Three foes stood in his way, Csesar and the despots of the Italian cities, the French who were intrenched in Milan and Genoa, and the Spaniards who held Naplesand Sicily. His effort to rescue Italy
1 The statue was placed in front of St. Petronio in Bologna. The left hand held neither book nor sword, but the keys. Pastor, III. 569, says, in ei7ier dernrtigen Persbnlichkeit lag mehr Stoffzu einem Kbnige %(,nd Feldherrn alszu einem Priester.
468 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
for the Italians won for him the grateful regard due an Italian patriot. Like Innocent III., he closed his reign with an oecumenical council.
Csesar Borgia returned to Rome, was recognized as gonfalonier and given apartments in the Vatican. Julius had been in amicable relations with the prince in France and advanced his marriage, and Ctesar wrote that in him he had found a second father. But Caisar, now that Alexanderwasdead, was as a galley without a rudder. He was an upstart; Juliusaman of power and far-reaching plans. Prolonged co-operation between the two was impossible. The one was sinister, given to duplicity; the other frank and open to brusqueness. The encroachment of Venice upon the Romagna gave the occasion at once for Ciesar's fall and for the full restoration of papal authority in that region. Supporters Ca3sar had none who could be relied upon in the day of ill success. He no longer had the power which the control of patronage gives. Julius demanded the keys of the towns of the Romagna as a measure necessary to the dislodgment of Venice. Caesaryielded,but withdrew to Ostia, meditating revenge. He was seized, carried back to Rome and placed in the castle of S. Angelo, which had been the scene of his dark crimes. He was obliged to give up the wealth gotten at his father's death and to sign a release of Forli and other towns. I^iberty was then given him to go where he pleased. He accepted protection from the Spanish captain, Gonsalvo de Cordova, but on his arrival in Naples the Spaniard, with despicable perfidy, seized the deceived manandsenthim to Spain, August, 1504, For two years he was held a prisoner, when he escaped to the court of his brother-inlaw, the king of Navarre. He was killed at the siege of Viana, 1507, aged 31 . Thus ended the career of the man who had once been the terror of Rome, whom Rankc calls "a virtuoso in crime," and Machia velli chose as the model of a civil ruler. This political writer had met Ctesar after Julius' elevation, and in his Prince'^
1 The Prince, written in 1515, was dedicated to Leo X.'s nephew, Lorenzo de' Medici, at a time when it was contemplated giving Lorenzo a large slice of Italian territory to govern. SceVlllari: iVar/imrr//t, III. 372-424. Also Louis Dyer : Marhinvrlli and the Modern State, Boston, 1004. C;esar Borgia had his laureate, who sung his praises in 12 Latin lyrics, Peter Franciscus Justulus