THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 783
of the German Reformer's character, setting aside the contemporaries who knew him best, and violently perverting Luther's own words. Imbart de la Tour, the most recent French historian of this school, on reaching the year 1517, exclaims, " The era of peaceful reforms was at an end ; the era of religious revolution was about to open."^
Lefevre d'Etaples was not alone when he uttered the famous words: —
The signs of the times announce that a reformation of the Church is near at hand and, while God is opening new patlis for the preaching of the Gospel by the discoveries of the Portuguese and the Spaniards, we must hope that He will also visit His Church and raise her from the abasement into which she has now fallen.
The Philosophy of Christ, — the name which Erasmus gave to the Gospel in his Paraclesis, prefixed to his edition of the New Testament, — was to a large degree covered over by the dialectical theology of the Schoolmen. What men needed was the Gospel and the bishop of Isernia, preaching at the Fifth Lateran council in its 12th session, spoke better than he knew when he exclaimed : " The Gospel is the fountain of all wisdom, of all knowledge. From it has flowed all the higher virtue, all that is divine and worthy of admiration. The Gospel, I say the Gospel." The words were spoken on the very eve of the Reformation and the council of the Middle Ages failed utterly to offer any real remedy for the religious degeneracy. The Reformer came from the North, not from Rome and as from another Nazareth. The angel of God had to descend again and trouble the waters and a single personality touched in con-
1 II. 579. An example of misrepresentation may be taken from Denifle, Luther u. Luthertum who picks out a single clause from one of Luther's sermons, Die Begierde ist ganzlich unbesiegbar, " Passion cannot be overcome," and holds it up as the starting-point for the Reformer's alleged profligate life. What could be more atrocious, unworthy of a scholar and a gentleman, when it was Luther's purpose in this very sermon to show that Christ imparts the power to overcome evil, which the natural man does not possess and calls upon men to flee to Christ's protection. In these last vols. Denifle outdid Jaussen. Leo XIII. praised Janssen as a " light of historic science and a man of profound learning." Pius X. gave to Denifle the distinction of receiving the first copy of his book from the author's hand.
784 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
science proved himself mightier than the wisdom of theology and wiser than the rulers of the visible Church.
Remarkable the Middle Ages were for their bold enterprises in thought and action and they are an important part of the history of the Church. We acknowledge our debt, but their superstitions and errors we set aside as we move on in the pathway of a more intelligent devotion and broader human sympathies, towards an age when all who profess the Gospel shall unite together in the unity of the faith in the Son of God.
INDEX
[Note. — The Index gives the names of many of the authors whose full titles are found in the volume. The first number or numbers refer to the titles of their writings. The numbers that follow are confined to verbal citations from the authors. The volume is inconsistent in spelling the Italian poet's name, Petrarch, in the earlier part of the volume and Petrarca, in the chapter on the Renaissance. On his name see p. 573.]
Abbreviators, 426 sq.
Abgeschicdcnheit, 252, 259, 269.
Abram of Crete, 117.
AcheUs, 730.
Acton, Lord, 402.
Adam of Usk, 115, 15, 129, 158.
Adams, G. B., 6.
Adehne, 529.
Adrian VI., 538, 552.
.lEneas Sj'h-ius, see Pius II.
Agricola, 624.
Albergati, 181.
Albernoz, 103 sq.
Alberti, 560, 599.
Albrecht of Mainz, 742, 759, 764 sqq.
Alexander V., 139, 142.
Alexander VI., 406, 413, 420, 436, 439,
442, 443 sqq. ; his character, 461 ;
divides America, 463 ; death, 476,
549, 581, 588, 613, 686, 697, 701 sqq.,
707 sqq., 744. Alfonso of Naples, 582. Allemand, 749.
Alvarus Pelagius, 46 ; 79 sq., 95. Amadeus, see Felix V. Ambrosius, F. J., 400. America, 426 sq. ; divided, 463. Am. Hist. Rev., 463, etc. Ammanati, 401. Amort, 292.
Andrew of Spalato, 148. Andrew, St., head of, 421. Angelico, Fra, 602. Anna, St., 462, 744 sqq., 755, 763. Annates, 91 sqq., 173. Anselm, 179, 462. Antipope, 130; 176, 178. Apostles' Creed, 681. Aquinas, Thos., 20, 78, 190, 518, 525,
572, 649, 680, 685, 712, 716 sq., 758. Arbues, 542.
Aretino, 593, 611.
Argyropulos,' 584, 590.
Armenians, 185.
Arnald of Villanova, 16, 42.
Arnold of Brescia, 42.
Arnold, Thos., 300.
Arundel, Abp., 305, 324, 344, 350.
Asceticism, 264, 267.
Ashton, John, 352.
Astrology, 616.
Augustinus Triumphus, 31 ; 53 ; 79 sq.,
83. Ausculta fill, 18. Auto defe, 537, 549 sqq. Avignon popes, 9, 45 sqq., financial
policy, 82, list of, 124, estimate of,
124, schism, 132 sqq.
Bacon, Roger, 188, 207.
Bahlmann, 730.
Baird, 559, 727.
Bajazet, 441.
Balthazar Cossa, see John XXIII.
Baluze, 6.
Bandello, 607.
Barry, 728, 730.
Bartolomeo, Fra, 700.
Basel, C. of, 167 sqq.
Baudrillart, 556.
Baumgarten, 8, 88, 91.
Baumker, 735, 746.
Baur, 186, 46; 243.
Bayonne, 660, 715.
Beatific \'ision, 69, 190.
Beatrice, 567.
BeccadeUi, 584, 611.
Begging, 749 sqq.
Beguines and Beghards, 58, 270, 350,
499. Bellarmin, 144. Bembo, Card., 495, 594.
3e