. THE ANABAPTIST CONTROVERSY. LUTHER AND HUBMAIER, THE EUCHARISTIC CONTROVERSY ‘ » ‘ - A
. LUTHER’S THEORY BEFORE THE CONTROVERSY . : τ LUTHER AND CARLSTADT . Ξ Σ ν ᾿ ° -
. LUTHER AND ZWINGLI . - Τὸ τ ὍΔ
THE MARBURG CONFERENCE (with facwindile of signatures) THE MARBURG CONFERENCE (continued). DISCUSSION AND RESULT. : ὃ 8 2 : : ὃ ὲ ὦ - NotTe.— ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SENTENCE: Jn necessariis unitas, ete. LUTHER’s LAST ATTACK ON THE SACRAMENTARIANS. HIS RELATION TO CALVIN : . = Σ : 5 : REFLECTIONS ON THE ETHICS OF THE EUCHARISTIC Con- TROVERSY . 2 ‘ ἢ : ὃ ξ Γ 4 THE EUCHARISTIC THEORIES COMPARED. LUTHER, ZWINGLI, CALVIN ° ° é ‘ 5 ὃ ὃ : F °
§ 112. § 119,
§ 114.
§ 115.
§ 116.
§ 117. § 118.
§ 119.
§ 120. § 121.
§ 122, § 128. § 124, § 125.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VIII. THE POLITICAL SITUATION BETWEEN 1526 AND 1529.
THe First DIET OF SPEIER, AND THE BEGINNING OF THE
TERRITORIAL SYSTEM (1526) . ἧ ς P ‘ ᾿ THE EMPEROR AND THE POPE. THE SACKING OF ROME (1527) . ᾿ 8 - - : ᾿ ‘ : . A WAR PANIC (1528) . : Ἶ Ξ : :
THE SECOND DIET OF SPEIER, AND THE PRorEsr (1529), THE RECONCILIATION OF THE EMPEROR AND THE POPE. THE CROWNING OF THE EMPEROR (1529) - Ὲ ‘
CHAPTER IX. THE DIET AND CONFESSION OF AUGSBURG (1530).
THE Diet oF AUGSBURG . ᾿ ; : : Me THE NEGOTIATIONS, THE RECESS OF AUGSBURG, AND THE PEACE OF NURNBERG : : ‘ : d ; THE CONFESSION OF αὐ δοϑύπα, - : - : : °
THE CONFUTATION AND THE APOLOGY . . . ‘ THE TETRAPOLITAN CONFESSION . 3 . : P - ZWINGLI’S CONFESSION . ᾿ ‘ : ὃ ὁ ; : LUTHER AT THE COBURG . : : LUTHER’S PUBLIC CHARACTER, ann PLACE Ix History; EIN FESTE BURG IST UNSER GOTT . P . ° ° °
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PAGE
κ᾿ ἡ θέλ, ᾿ ἍΝ f ; ον pat ps ‘
ILLUSTRATIONS.
LUTHER. ByCranach . . . See ἀρ ΠΝ ἘΝ Ta « 1 10F STauPiTz. From a Portrait in St. Peter’s Convent in Salzburg . 117 LUTHER AT FLORENCE. By Giorgione - : - . . « 191 WITTENBERG IN 1546 . ᾿ : . ° . . . ° 133 See PROCES) ee ie lia eae ee Σ 85 LUTHER’S STUDY ° . . . ° . . . . . 186 MELANCHTHON. ΒΥ Direr . - : 8 - . . . aoe Lro X. By Raphael : - - . ° : . 3 . 226 FACSIMILE OF THE POPE’S BULL OF EXCOMMUNICATION . 299, 234 CHARLES Y. By Beham . A ὁ ᾿ = ° - - 263 ERAsMus. By Direr . - : ἢ - : ° - ° . 400 Erasmus. By Holbein. : : - : ° - . 5 422 THE THREE SAXON ELECTORS. ΒΥ Cranach . . . ° . 451 LUTHER AND CATHARINE VON Bora. ByCranach . Ξ : 451 FACSIMILE OF SIGNATURES TO THE MARBURG CONFERENCE. - 681
FACSIMILE OF A LETTER OF LUTHER . τ : Ε ὃ 745
Several of the Luther pictures are taken (by arrangement with my friends, the author and publishers) from the American edition of Dr. KGstlin’s smaller biography of Luther (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1883). Others appear here for the first time, and were expressly prepared for this work; as the Florentine Luther, and the fac-simile of Leo’s Bull of Excommunication,
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HISTORY
OF
MODERN CHRISTIANITY.
THE REFORMATION.
FROM A.D. 1517 TO 1648.
CHAPTER I.
ORIENTATION.
Now the Lord is the Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. 2 Cor. 3: 17.
§1. The Turning Point of Modern History.
THE Reformation of the sixteenth century is, next to the introduction of Christianity, the greatest event in history. It marks the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times. Starting from religion, it gave, directly or indirectly, a mighty impulse to every forward movement, and made Protestantism the chief propelling force in the history of modern civilization.
The age of the Reformation bears a strong resemblance to the first century. Both are rich beyond any other period in great and good men, important facts, and permanent results. Both contain the ripe fruits of preceding, and the fruitful germs of succeeding ages. They are turning points in the history of mankind. They are felt in their effects to this day, and will be felt to the end of time. They refashioned the world from the inner-
most depths of the human soul in its contact with the infinite