§ 14, GENERAL LITERATURE ON THE REFORMATION. 91
J. A. WYLIE: History of Protestantism. London, 1875-77, 3 vols.
GrorGE P. FIsuErR (Prof. of Church History in Yale College): The Reformation. New York, 1873. A comprehensive work, clear, calm, judicial, with a useful bibliographical Appendix (p. 567-591).
J.M. Linpsay (Presbyt.): The Reformation. Edinb., 1882. (A mere sketch. )
CHARLES BEARD (Unitarian): The Reformation in its relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge. Hibbert Lectures. London, 1883; 2d ed., 1885. Very able. German translation by F. Halverscheid. Berlin, 1884.
Joun Ε΄ Hurst (Method. Bishop): Short History of the Reformation. New York, 1884 (125 pages).
Lupwie KELLER: Die Reformation und die dlteren Reformparteien. Leipz., 1885 (516 pages). In sympathy with the Waldenses and Anabaptists.
Two series of biographies of the REFORMERS, by a number of German scholars, the Lutheran series in 8 vols., Elberfeld, 1861-75, and the Reformed (Calvinistic) series in 10 vols., Elberfeld, 1857~63. The Lutheran series was introduced by Nitzsch, the Reformed by Hagenbach. The several biographies will be mentioned in the proper places.
(3) For the general history of the world and the church during and after the period of the Reformation, the works of LEoPpoLD von RANKE (d. 1886) are of great importance, namely : Fiirsten und Volker von Siideuropa im 16. und 17. Jahrh. (Berlin 1827, 4th ed. enlarged 1877); Geschichten der romanischen und germanischen Volker von 1494-1514 (8d ed. 1885); Die rémischen Pépste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im 16. und 17. Jakrh. (Berlin, 8th ed. 1885, 3 vols, Engl. trans. by Sarah Austin, Lond. 4th ed. 1867, 3 vols.) ; Franzdsische Geschichte im 16. und 17. Jahrh. (Stuttgart, 1852, 4th ed. 1877, 6 vols.) ; Englische Geschichte vornehmlich im 16. u. 17. Jahrh. (4th ed. 1877, 6 vols.; Engl. transl. publ. by the Clarendon Press); and especially his classical Deutsche Gleschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (Berlin, 1839-43, 6th ed. 1880-82, in 6 vols.; transl. in part by S. Austin, 1845-47, 3 vols.). Ranke is a master of objective historiography from the sources in artistic grouping of the salient points, and is in religious and patriotic sympathy with the German Reformation; while yet he does full justice to the Catholic church and the papacy as a great power in the history of religion and civilization. In his 85th year he began to dictate in manly vigor a Universal History down to the time of Emperor Henry IV. and Pope Gregory VIL, 1881-86 ; to which were added 2 posthumous vols. by Dove and Winter, 1888, 9 vols. in all. His library was bought for the University in Syracuse, N.Y.
For the general literature see Henry HAatuam: Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries. London, 1842, etc. N. York ed., 1880, in 4 vols.
II. Roman Catholic works,
(1) The respective sections in the General Church Histories of MOHLER (d. 1838, ed. from lectures by Gams, Regensburg, 1867-1868, 3 vols.; the third vol. treats of the Reformation), ALzoe (10th ed. 1882, 2 vols.; Engl. transl. by Pabish and Byrne, Cincinnati, 1874 sqq.,3 vols.), Kraus (2d ed. 1882), and Cardinal HERGENRGTHER (third ed. 1885). Comp. also, in part, the Histories of the Council of Trent by Sarpr (d. 1623), and Patuavicrnt (d. 1667).
92 ; ORIENTATION.
(2) Tauanus (DE THov, a moderate Catholic, ἃ. 1617): Historiarum sui Temporis libri 188, Orleans (Geneva), 1620 sqq., 5 vols. fol. and London, 1738, 7 vols. fol.; French transl. London, 1734, 16 vols. 4to. Goes from 1546 to 1607.
Lovis Marimpoure (Jesuit, ἃ. at Paris, 1686): Histoire du Lutheranisme, Paris, 1680; Histoire du Calvinisme, 1682. Controversial, and inspired by partisan zeal; severely handled by R. Bayle in his Critique générale de Vhistoire du Calvinisme de M., Amsterd., 1684.
Bp. Bossver (d. 1704): Histoire des variations des églises protestantes. Paris, 1688, 2 vols. and later edd., also in his collected works, 1819 sqq. and 1836 sqq. English transl., Dublin, 1829, 2 vols. German ed. by Mayer, Munich, 1825, 4 vols. A work of great ability, but likewise polemical rather than historical. It converted Gibbon to Romanism, but left him at last a skeptic, like Bayle, who was, also, first a Protestant, then a Romanist for a short season.
Kaspar RIFFEL: Kirchengesch. der neusten Zeit. Mainz, 1844~47, 3 vols.
Martin JoHn Spabpine (since 1864 Archbishop of Baltimore, d. 1872): History of the Protest. Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, and in England, Ireland, Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and Northern Europe. Louisville, 1860; 8th ed., revised and enlarged. Baltimore, 1875, 2 vols. No Index. Against Merle d’Aubigné. The Archbishop charges D’ Aubigné
(as he calls him) with being a “bitter partisan, wholly unreliable as an historian,” and says of his work that it is “little better than a romance,” as he “omits more than half the facts, and either perverts or draws on his imagination for the remainder.” His own impartiality and reliableness as an historian may be estimated from the following judgments of the Reformers: “Luther, while under the influence of the Catholic Church, was probably a moderately good man; he was certainly a very bad one after he left its communion” (I. 72). “Hew! quantum mutatus ab illo!” (77). “His violence often drove him to the very verge of insanity.... He occasionally inflicted on Melanchthon personal chastisement” (87). Spalding quotes from Audin, his chief authority (being apparently quite ignorant of German): “Luther was possessed not by one, but by a whole troop of devils” (89). Zwingli (or Zuingle, as he calls him) he charges with “downright paganism” (I. 175), and makes fun of his marriage and the marriages of the other Reformers, especially Bucer, who “became the husband of no less than three ladies in succession: and one of them had been already married three times—all too, by a singular run of good luck, in the reformation line” (176). And this is all that we learn of the Reformer of Strassburg. For Calvin the author seems to draw chiefly on the calumnies of Audin, as Audin drew on those of Bolsec. He describes him as “all head and no heart”; “he crushed the liberties of the people in the name of liberty;” “he combined the cruelty of Danton and Robespierre with the eloquence of Murat and Mirabeau, though he was much cooler, and therefore more successful than any one of them all;” “he was a very