§ 38. THE KEFORMATION IN THE ITALIAN VALLEYS. 145
sqq.) — G. Leoniiakdi : liitter Johannes Guler von Weineck, Lcbensbild eines Rhatiers aus dem 17""^ Jafirh. Bern, 1863. By the same : Pnschlaver Morel. Veltiner Mord. Die Ausrottung des Protesiantisnius iiii lilisoxeithal. In the Zeitschrift "der Walire Protestant," Basel, 1852-'54. — B. Heber: Georg Jenatsch, Graubundens Pjarrer und Held wdhrend des dreissigjdhriqen Kricgs. In the "Beifage zur vaterliindischen Geschichte," Basel, 1800. — E. Lech- NER : Das Thai Bergell {Bregaglla) In Graubiinden, Natur, Sagen, Geschichte, Volk, Sprache, etc. Leipzig, 1805 (pp. 140). — Y. F. Fetz (Rom. Catli.) : Geschichte der kirchenpolitischen Wirren ini Freistaat der drei Biinde vom Anfang des 17^^"' Jahrh. bis an/ die Gegenwart. Chur, 1875 (pp. 367). — * Karl Benrath : Bernardino Ochino von Siena. Leipzig, 1875 (English translation with preface by William Arthur, London, 1876). Comp. his Ueber die Quellen der italienischen Reformationsgeschichte. Bonn, 1876. — *JOH. Kaspar Morikofer : Geschichte der evangelischen Fluchtlinge in der Schweiz. Ziirich, 1876. — John Stoughton: Footprints of Italian Reformers. London, 1881 (pp. 235, 267 sqq.). — Em. Comba (professor of churcli history in the Waldensian Theological College at Florence) : Sloria della RIforma in Italia. Firenze, 1881 (only 1 vol. so far). Biblioteca delta Riforma Italiana Sec. XVI. Firenze, 1883-'86. 6 vols. Visita ai Grigioni Riformati Italiani. Firenze, 1885. Vera Narrazione del Massacro di Valtellina. Ziiricli, 1621. Republislied in Florence, 1886. Comp. literature on p. 131.
II. The Vergerius literature. The works of Vergerius, Latin and Italian, are very rare. Niceron gives a list of fifty-five, Sixt (pp. 59.5-601) of eighty-nine. He began a collection of his Opera adversus Papatum, of which only the first volume has appeared, at Tiibingen, 1563. Recently Emil Comba has edited his Trattacelli e sua storia di Francesco Spiera in the first two volumes of his " Biblioteca della Riforma Italiana," Firenze, 1883, and the Parafrasi sopra I.' Epistola ai Roniani, 1886. Sixt has published, from the Archives of Kunigsberg, forty-four letters of Vergerius to Albert, Duke of Prussia (pp. 533 sqq.), and Iv.4.osler and Schott (librarian at Stuttgart), his correspondence with Christopher, Duke of Wiirtemberg (Briefirechsel zwlsr.hen Christoph Ilerzog von Wml. und P. P. Vergerius, Tiil)ingen, 1875). — Walter Friedensburg : Die Nanciaturen des Vergerio, 1533-36. Gotha, 1892 (615 pp.). From the papal archives.
* Chr. H. Sixt : Petrus Panlus Vergerius, pdpstlicher Nuntius, kathoUscher Bischof und Vorkdnipfer des Ecangeliums. Braunschweig, 1855 (pp. 601). With a picture of Vergerius. 2d (title) ed. 1871. The labors in the Grisons are described in ch. III. 181 sqq. — Scattered notices of Vergerius are found in Sleidan, Seckendorf, De Porta, Sarpi, Pallavicini, Raynaldus, Maimburg, Bayle, Niceron, Schelhorn, Salig, and Meyer (in his monograph on Locarno. I. 36, 51 ; II. 236-255). A good article by Schott in Herzog^, XVI. 351-357. (Less eulogistic than Sixt.)
The evangelical Reformation spread in the Italian portions of the Grisons ; namely, the valleys of Pregell or Bregaglia.^
^ This is the Italian name; in Latin, Prcegallia ; in German, Bergell.
146 THE SWISS KEFORMATION.
and Poschiavo (Puschlav), which still belong to the Canton, and in the dependencies of the Valtellina (Veltlin), Bormio (Worms), and Chiavenna (Cleven), which were ruled by governors (like the Territories of the United States), but were lost to the Grisons in 1797. The Valtellina is famous for its luxuriant vegetation, fiery wine, and culture of silk. A Protestant con^reg-ation was also organized at Locarno in the Canton Ticino (Tessin), which then was a dependency of the Swiss Confederacy. This Italian chapter of the history of Swiss Protestantism is closely connected with the rise and suppression of the Reformation in Italy and the emigration of many Protestant confessors, who, like the French Huguenots of a later period, were driven from their native land, to enrich mth their industry and virtue foreign countries where they found a hospitable home.
The first impulse to the Reformation in the Italian Grisons came from Gallicius and Campell, who labored in the neighboring Engadin, and knew Italian as well as Romansh. The chief agents were Protestant refugees who fled from the Inquisition to Northern Italy and found protection under the government of the Grisons. Many of them settled there permanently ; others went to Ziirich, Basel, and Geneva. In the year 1550 the number of Italian refugees was about two hundred. Before 1559 the number had increased to eight hundred. One fourth or fifth of them were educated men. Some inclined to Unitarian and Anabaptist opinions, and prepared the way for Socinianism. Among the latter may be mentioned Francesco Calabrese (in the Engadin); Tiriano (at Coire) ; Camillo Renato, a forerunner of Socinianism (at Tirano in the Valtellina) ; Ochino, the famous Capuchin pulpit orator (who afterwards went to Geneva, England, and Ziirich) ; Lelio Sozini (who died at Ziirich, 1562) ; and his more famous nephew, Fausto Sozini (1539-1604), the proper founder of Socinianism, who ended his life in Poland.
The most distino-uished of the Italian evanofelists in the