352 THE REFORMATION IN FRENCH SWITZERLAND.
The synod after due consideration was satisiied with their orthodoxy, and declared Caroli convicted of calumny and unworthy of the ministry. He died in a hospital at Rome.^
§ 83. The Reformers introduce Order and Discipline.
Confession de la Foy laquelle tons les bourgeois et hahitans de Geneve et subjectz du pays doyvent jurer de garder et tenir ; extraicte de I' instruction dont on use en I'eglise de la dicte ville, 1537. Confessio Fidei in quam jurare cives omnes Genevenses et qui sub civitatis ejus ditione agunt, jussi sunt. The French in Opera, vol. IX. 693-700 (and by Rilliet-Dufour, see below) ; the Latin in vol. V. 355-362. See also vol. XXII. 5 sqq. (publ. 1880).
Le Cate'chisme de I'Eglise de Geneve, c'est a dire le Formulaire d'instruire les enfans la Chretiente fait en maniere de dialogue ou le ministre interrogue et I'enfant respond. The first edition of 1537 is not divided into questions and answers, and bears the title Instruction et Confession de Foy dont on use en I'Eglise de Geneve. A copy of it was discovered by H. Bordier in Paris and published by Th. Dcfour, together with the first ed. of the Confession de la Foy, at Geneva, 1878 (see below). A copy of a Latin ed. of 1545 had been previously found in the Ducal library at Gotha.
Catechismus sive Christiance religionis institutio, communibus renalce nuper in evangelic Genevensis ecclesice suffragiis recepta et vulgar i quidem prius idiomate, nunc vero Latine etiam in luce.m edita, Joanne Calvino uuctore. The first draft, or Catechismus prior, was printed at Basel, 1538 (with a Latin translation of the Confession of 1537). Reprinted in Opera in both languages, vol. V. 313-361. The second or larger Catechism appeared in French, 1541, in Latin, 1545, etc. ; both reprinted in parallel columns, Opera, vol. VI. 1-160.
(NiEMEYER in his Coll. Conf. gives the Latin text of the larger Cat. together with the prayers and liturgical forms ; comp. his Proleg. XXXVII.- XLI. BoCKEL in his Bekenntniss- Schriften der evang. Reform. Kirche gives a German version of the larger Cat., 127-172. An English translation was prepared by the Marian exiles, Geneva, 1556, and reprinted in Dunlop's Confessions, II. 139-272).
Calvin had a hand in nearly all the French and Helvetic confessions of his
age. See Opera, IX. 693-772. * Albert Rilliet and Theophile Dufour: Le Cate'chisme francais de Calvin piiblie' en 1537, reimprime pour la premiere fois d''apres un exemplaire nouvellement retrouve, et suivi de la plus ancienne Confession de Foi de I'Eglise de Geneve {avec un notice sur le premier sejour de Calvin a Geneve, par
1 On the controversies with Caroli, see Beza, Vita, in Op. XXI. 126 sq. ; Letters, Nos. 638, 640, 644, 645, 665, in the 4th. vol. of Herminjard ; Ruchat, vol. v.; Henry, I. 253; IL 37, 182; III. Beil.,209; and Merle d'Aubigne, VL 362 sqq.
§ 83. ORDER AND DISCIPLINE INTRODUCED. 353
Albert Rilliet, et iine notice bibliographique sur le Cate'chlsme et la Confession de Foi de Calvin, par Tii£ophile Dufour), Geneve (H. Georg. ), and Paris (Fischbaeher), 1878, 16°. pp. ccLXxxvm. and 146; reprinted in Opera, XXII. ScHAFF : Creeds of Christendom, I. 467 sqq. Stahelin, I. 121 sqq. Kampschdlte, I. 284 sqq. Merle d'Aubigne, VI. 328-357.
Geneva needed first of all a strong moral government on the doctrinal basis of the evangelical Reformation. The Genevese were a light-hearted, joyous people, fond of public amusements, dancing, singing, masquerades, and revelries. Reckless gambling, drunkenness, adultery, blasphemy, and all sorts of vice abounded. Prostitution was sanctioned by the authority of the State and superintended by a woman called the Reine^ du bordel. The people were ignorant. The priests had taken no pains to instruct them and had set them a bad example. To remedy these evils, a Confession of Faith and Discipline, and a popular Catechism were prepared, the first by Farel as the senior pastor, with the aid of Calvin ; ^ the second by Calvin. Both were accepted and approved by the Council in November, 1536.^
The Confession of Faith consists of twenty-one articles in which the chief doctrines of the evangelical faith are briefly and clearly stated for the comprehension of the people. It begins with the Word of God, as the rule of faith and practice, and ends with the duty to the civil magistracy. The
1 Beza treats the Confession as a work of Calvin, but the Strassburg editors defend the authorship of Farel. Opera, XXII. Suppl. col. 11-18. Beza says (XXI. 126) : " Tunc [i.e. after the disputation at Lausanne, 1536] edita est a Calvino Christiance doctrina' qiUEdam veluti fonnula, vixdum emergenti e papatus sordilms Genevensi ecclesifE accomodata . Addidit etiani Catechismum, non ilium in qucestiones et responsiones distributnm, quern nunc habemus, sed alium multo breviorem praiciprui religionis capita complexum." But the Catechism appeared two months before the Confession. "lam vero confessionem non sine ratione adjungendam curavimus." Calv., Opera, V. 319. Rilliet, I.e. p. IX.: "La Gonf. de Foy ii'a para que quelques mois plus tard." The Confession is an extract from the Catechism, as the title says. Merle d'Aubigne (VI. 337) regards the confession as the joint work of Calvin and Farel.
2 Annal., 206, "Nov. 10. La confession accepte'e. Vers la meme €poque premiere e'dition du cat€chisme."