§ 126. CALV'IN AND CASTELLIO. 627
happened to pass through Basel, were more merciful than the orthodox, and erected to Castellio a monument in tlie cloister adjoining the minster. Faustus Socinus edited his posthumous works. The youngest of his children, Frederic Castellio, acquired some distinction as a philologist, orator, musician, and poet, and was appointed professor of Greek, and afterwards of rhetoric, in Basel.
Castellio left no school behind him, but his writings exerted considerable influence on the development of Sociniaii and Arminian opinions. He opposed Calvinism with the same arguments as Pighius and Bolsec, and charged it with destroying the foundations of morality and turning (jod into a tyrant and hypocrite. He essentially agreed with Pelagianism, and prepared the way for Socinianism.
He differed also from Calvin on the subject of persecution. Being himself persecuted, he was one of the very few advocates of religious toleration in opposition to the prevailing doctrine and practice of his age. In this point also he sympathized with the Unitarians. After the execution of Servetus and Calvin's defence of the same, there appeared, under the false name of IMartinus Bellius, a book against the theory of reMgious persecution, which was ascribed to Castellio.^ He denied the authorship. He had, however, contributed to it a part under the name of Basilius (Sebastian) Montfortius (Castellio). The pseudo-name of Martinus Bellius, the editor who wrote the dedicatory preface to Duke Christopher of Wiirttemberg (the protector of Vergerius), has never been unmasked. The book is a collection of judgments of different writers against the capital punishment of heretics.
1 De hareticis an sint persequendi, el omnino quomodo sit cum eis agendum, doctorum virorum turn veterum turn recentiorum sententia. Liber hoc tarn turbulento tempore pernecessarius. Magdeburgi, per Georg. Bausch, 1554, mense martio, 173 pp. 8°. I copy the title of the book (which I have not seen) from La In-ance Prot., IV. 130. The writer of this article and Baum attribute tlie book to Castellio, but Schweizer, I. 315 sq., shows that he wrote only a part of it. Comp. Buisson, I.e., I. 358 sqq., and II. 1 sqq.
628 THE REFORMATION IN FRENCH SWITZERLAND.
Calvin and Beza were indignant, and correctly ascribed the book to a secret company of Italian " Academici," — Leelius Socinus, Curio, and Castellio. They also suspected that Mao-deburg, the alleged place of publication, was Basel, and the printer an Italian refugee, Pietro Perna.
Castellio wrote also a tract, during the Huguenot wars in France, 1562, in which he defended religious liberty as the only remedy against religious wars.^
§ 127. Oalvinism and Unitarianis^n. The Italian Refugees.
Comp. §§ 38-40 (pp. 144-163).
I. Calvin : Ad questiones Georgii Blandatrce responsum (1558) ; Responsum ad Fratres Polonos quomodo mediator sit Christits ad refutandum Stancari errorem (1560) ; Inipietas Valentini Gentilis detecta et palam traducta qui Christum non sine sacrilega blaspliemia Deum essentiatum esse Jingit (1561) ; Brevis admonitio ad Fratres Polonos ne tripUcem in Deo essentiam pro tribus personis imaginando ires sihi Deos fabricent (1563); Epistola Jo. Calv. quo fidem Admonitionis ab eo nuper editce apiid Polonos confirmat (1563). All in Opera, Tom. IX. 321 sqq. The correspondence of Calvin with Lelio Sozini and other Italians, see below. On the controversy with Servetus, see next chapter. The Socinian writings are collected in the Bibliotheca fratrum Polonoruni quos
Unitarios vacant, Irenopoli (Amsterdam), 1656 sqq., 8 vols in 11 tomes fol.
it contains the writings of the younger Socinus and his successors (Schlich-
ting, Crell, etc.).
JI. Tkechsel : Die Protestantischen Antitrinitarler, Heidelberg, 1839 and 1844, 2 vols. The first volume treats chiefly of Servetus; the second, of the Italian Antitrinitarians. — Otto Fock: Der Socinianismus, Kiel, 1847. (The first part contains the historj', the second and more valuable part the system, of Socinianism.) — Schweizer: Die Protest. Centraldogmen (Zurich, 1854), vol. I. 293 sqq. — Henry, III. 270 sqq. —Dyer, 446 sqq. — Stahelin, II. 319 sqq. — L. Coligny : L'Antitrinitarianism a Geneve au temps de Calvin. Geneve, 1873. — Harnack : Dogmengeschichte, III. (1890) 653-691. Comp. Sand : Bibliotheca Antitrinitariorum, 1684.
The Italian Protestants who were compelled to flee from the Inquisition, sought refuge in Switzerland, and organized congregations under native pastors in the Grisons, in Ziirich,
1 " Conseil a la France d€sole'e, auquel est montree la cause de la guerre pre'sente et le remede qui y pourroit etre mis, et principalement est arise' si on doit forcer les consciences." The writer in La France Prot., IV. 135-138, gives large extracts from tliis exceedingly rare tract. See also Buisson, II. 225 sqq.