PREFACE xxiii
period 1305-1534; vols, i., iii., and v. of the English contain bibliographies); the period 1378-1527 is covered by M. Creighton's History of the Papacy, 6 vols., London, 1897 (an invaluable work); L. von Ranke, Rbmische Pdpste, 9th ed., 3 vols., Leipsic, 1889, Eng. transl., 3 vols., London, 1896, is indispensable for the period 1513-1847; the story is concluded by F. Nielsen, Geschichte des Papsttums im 19. Jahrhundert, 2d ed., Gotha, 1880, Eng. transl., 2 vols., New York, 1906. A work which parallels part of those mentioned is F. Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Bom, 5-16 Jahrhundert, 8 vols., Stuttgart, 1886-96, 5th ed., 1903 sqq., Eng. transl., from the 4th edition, 8 vols., London, 1901-02. The official Catholic record, covering the early and middle period, is the Liber pontificalis, best ed. of the whole work by L. Duchesne, containing text, introduction, and commentary, 2 vols., Paris, 1886-92, though the ed. by Mommsen, in MGH, Gestorum pontificum Romanorum vol. i, 1898, is even better so far as it goes. The bulls and briefs of the popes are best consulted in Bullarium, privilegiorum ac diplomatum Romanorum pontificum collectio C. Cocquelines, 14 vols., Rome, 1733-48, supplemented by Bullarium Benedicti XIV., 4 vols., ib., 1754-58, and Bullarii Romani continuatio (Clement XIII.-Gregory XVI.) by A. Barberi and A. Spetia, 19 vols., ib., 1835-57, the whole reedited by A. Tomassetti, 24 vols., Turin, 1857-72. Consult also L. Pastor, Acta inedita ad historiam Pontificum Romanorum, vol. i., 1376-14-6^, Freiburg, 1904.
A number of collections and discussions of the Decrees and Proceedings of the Councils has been made. Those most cited are P Labbe and G. Cossart, Sacrosancta concilia, 17 vols, in 18, Paris, 1672; J. Harduin, Conciliorum collectio regia maxima, 12 vols., Paris, 1715; J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 31 vols., Venice, 1759- 1798 (of the older collections the one most cited) ; C. J. von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, 7 vols., Freiburg, 1855-74 (coming down to 1433; a 2d ed. was begun by the author and carried on by Cardinal Hergenrother to 1536, 9 vols, in all, 1863-90; apparently vol.vii.of the 2d ed. never appeared) ; the Eng. transl. of Hefele by W R. Clark includes only vols, i.-iii. of the German, down to 787 a.d., 5 vols., 1883-96. Of all these Hefele is the most accessible and now the oftenest cited.
On the subject of Monasticism all students are most deeply indebted to C. F de T. Montalembert, Les Moines d'occident, 5 vols., Paris, 1860-67, authorized Eng. transl., 7 vols., London, 1861-79. For the history of religious orders the old standard, rich in erudition, is P Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, religieux et militaires et des congregations seculaires de I'un et de Vautre sexe, 8 vols., Paris, 1714-19; the best modern work is M. Heimbucher, Die Orden und Kongregationen der katholischen Kirche, 2 vols., Paderborn, 1896-97, 2d and enlarged ed., 3 vols., 1907, utilized from Vol. IV on; the one work in English to be cited, which, however, leaves much to be desired, is C. W Currier, History of Religious Orders, New York, 1896.
On the history of the separate Orders in the Roman Catholic Church the most important are the following : for the Jesuits, A. and A. de Backer, Bibliotheque des icrivains de la society de Jesus, 7 vols., Liege, 1853-61, new ed. by C. Sommervogel, Paris, 1891 sqq.; the Historian societatis Jesu, by a number of hands, 6 parts in 8 vols., Rome, 1615-1759 ; J. A. M. Cretineau-Joly, Histoire religieuse, politique et litUraire de la compagnie de Jesus, 6 vols., Paris, 1844-46; for the Benedictines, J. Mabillon, Acta ordinis sancti Benedicti, 9 vols., Paris, 1668-1702, and his Annates ordinis . . . Benedicti, 6 vols., Paris, 1703-39; for the Carmelites, J. B. de Lezana, Annates sacri prophetici et Eliani ordinis de Monte Carmelo, 4 vols., Rome, 1651-66; for the
Dominicans, Monumenta ordinis fratrum praidicatorum, in course of publication at Louvain since 1896 (the earlier works, now being superseded, are: A. Touron, Histoire des hommes illustres de SainLDominique, 6 vols., Paris, 1743-49, and T. M. Mamachi, Annates ordinis
xxiv PREFACE
prcedicatorum, 5 vols., Rome, 1754) ; for the Cistercians, A. Maurique, Annates cisterciennes, 4 vols., Lyons, 1642-59, and P. le Nain, Essai de Vordre de Citeaux, 9 vols., Paris, 1696- 1697; for the Franciscans, the Analecta Franciscana, 3 vols., Freiburg, 1885-97, and the Annates jratrum minorum, begun by L. Wadding, 8 vols., Lyons, 1625 sqq., continued by J. de Luca and various hands at Naples and Rome, 26 vols., and covering the period 1208-1611.
Somewhat akin to the foregoing is the subject of Hagiology, in which two works stand out as preeminent. The one is the Acta sanctorum of J. Bolland, the issue of which was begun in 1643, continued till the dispersion of the Jesuits compelled suspension of the work from 1794 (when vol. liii. was issued) till 1845. In all 63 vols, have been published, and a new ed. has appeared, Paris, 1863-94 (see Acta Martyrum, Acta Sanctorum). This is supplemented by the Analecta Bollandiana, edited by a number of Jesuits, Paris and Brussels, 1882 sqq. (still in progress; it includes documents unused or passed by in the Acta, newly discovered material, variant accounts, notes on the old accounts, and description of manuscripts). The other important work is the Acta sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti of J. Mabillon and T. Ruinart, 9 vols., Paris, 1668-1701, and Venice, 1733-40. Mention may be made of the Acta sanctorum Belgii of J. Ghesquiere and others, 6 vols., Brussels, 1783-94. J. Colgan's work on Scottish and Irish saints is noted above (p. xviii.). The plan of arrangement in these compilations is that of the Roman calendar, the substance is the lives and legends concerning the saints, and the value of the material varies greatly. A very large amount of the material is derived from contemporary sources and is therefore useful when sifted by the critical processes.
In the comparatively new and certainly interesting region of the Comparison and History of Religions the series of first importance, making available to readers of English many of the Bibles and Commentaries of the great religions, is that of the Sacred Books of the East, under the editorship of F Max Miiller, 48 vols., Oxford, 1879-1904. A valuable set of historical expositions of the historical religions is found in the Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte, 15 vols., Miinster, 1890-1903. The Annates du Musee Guimet, Paris, 1880 sqq., combine the features of the Sacred Books of the East (translations of native sources) and of the Hibbert Lectures (discussions of particular religions). The Hibbert Lectures (q.v.) are a number of series, each series amounting to atreatise on some individual religion or phase of religion, delivered in Great Britain between 1878 and 1902 by specialists of eminence. A corresponding series, known as the American Lectures on the History of Religion (q.v.), has been in progress since 1895 and is planned ahead as far as 1910. A valuable set is found in the Handbooks on the History of Religions edited by M. Jastrow, of which the following have appeared, Boston, 1895-1905: E. W Hopkins, Religion of India, 1895; M. Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, 1895; P D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, Religion of the Ancient Teutons, 1896; A. Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, 1897; M. Jastrow, Study of Religion, 1901; and G. Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, 1905. The best individual work on the whole subject is P D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, 3d ed., 2 vols., Tubingen, 1905 (in which the author had the cooperation of numerous scholars). Next to this is C. P Tiele, Inleiding tot de godsdienstwetenschap, 2d ed., Amsterdam, 1900. Other important volumes areE. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, 4th ed., 2 vols., London, 1903; J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, 2d ed., 3 vols., ib., 1900; F. B. Jevons, Introduction to the History of Religion, ib:, 1896 (all dealing with primitive religion).
Geo. W Gilmore.