THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ADVOWSON: In the Church of England, the right of nomination to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice, vested in the crown, the bishop, one of the universities, or a private person. Such nomination, or presentation, as it is called, is the rule in England, election by the congregation being almost unknown.
JEDITUUS, i-dit'u-us: A term applied to a person having the care of ecclesiastical property. Among the Romans it described one who, with the local priest, if there was one, had charge of a temple. The Roman customs in regard to this office had their influence on the development of similar functions in the Christian Church. They were at first discharged by the ostiarivs (q.v.), to whom the term cedituus was sometimes applied (cf. Paulinus of Nola, Epist.,i.). By degrees, as the major and minor orders developed, and Church property became more valuable, permanent subordinate officials were required to look after it. The functions and designations of these officials varied, however, in different provinces. The name cedituus fell into disuse, probably from its original association with heathen worship. It was employed in the Vulgate version of Ezek. xliv. 11; Hos. x. 5; Zeph. i. 4; and Durand {Rationale, ii. 5) says of the ostiarii that their functions resemble those of the mditui. In the Middle Ages the execution of the less dignified functions, which were thought incompatible with the clerical office, was committed more and more to subordinates, and by the end of that period almost entirely to laymen. The name adituus was still used for these officials, being thus equivalent to the later sacristan. But this was principally in central Europe, especially in Germany, where conciliar decrees show that their duty was to ring the bells, to open and close the church, etc. In the more western countries the ceditui became rather identified with the procuratores or provisores (qq.v.) who had charge of the ecclesiastical property, though this included in some degree the maintenance of the building and the provision of vestments, candles, incense, and the like. In America during the nineteenth century the name has been not infrequently employed in Roman Catholic ecclesiastical terminology for the trustees who administer the temporal concerns of. a parish.
(Johannes Ficker.)
^GIDIUS, i-jid'i-us, SAINT. See Giles, Saint.
^GIDIUS DE COLUMNA (Egidio Colonna): A pupil of Thomas Aquinas and reputed author of the bull Unamsanctam; b. at Rome 1245 (?) ; d. at Avignon 1316. He joined the Augustinian eremite monks, studied at Paris, and taught there for many years, being called Doctor junrfatixsimus. From 1292 to 1295 he was general of his order. In 1296 he was made archbishop of Bourges, but continued to reside in Rome. He defended the election of Boniface VIII. in his De rcnuntiatione papce, showing that the abdication of ('destine V. was not against the canon law, and followed the court to Avignon. His numerous writings (mostly unpublished) deal with philosophy (commentaries on Aristotle), exegesis (In Canticum Canticorum ; In epistolam ad Romanos), and dogmatics (In sententias Longo-
bardi ; Quodlibeta). A portion of his work on ecclesiastical polity, De potentate ecclesiastica, was published in the Journal de I' instruction publique (Paris, 1858). K. Benrath.
Bibliography: C. E. du Boulay, Historia universilatis Parisiensis, iii. 671-672, Paris, 1666; W. Cave, Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum litteraria, ii. 339-341, Oxford, 1743; J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Latina, i. 19-20, Florence, 1858; F. X. Kraus, JEgidius von Rom, in Oesterreichische Vierteljahresschrift fur katholische Theologie, i. 1-33, Vienna, 1862; F. L[ajard], Gilles de Rome, religieux, Augustin, theologien, in Histoire litteraire de la France, xxx. 421-566, Paris, 1888.
.&GIDIUS OF VITERBO : General and protector of the order of Augustinian eremite monks to which Luther belonged; d. as cardinal at Rome 1532. Of his many theological writings (for list cf. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Latina, i., Florence, 1858, p. 23) but few have been published. His address at the opening of the Lateran council of 1512 may be found in Hardouin (Conciliorum colleciio, vol. ix., Paris, 1715, p. 1576), and a memorial on the condition of the Church, which he presented to Pope Adrian VI., was published by C. Hofler (in the Abhandlungen of the Royal Bavarian Academy, hist, cl., iv., Munich, 1846, pp. 62-89). K Benrath.
Bibliography: T. Kolde, Die deutsche Augustiner-Congregation, Gotha, 1879.
ALFRED, .ELFRIC. See Alfred, Alfric.
jENEAS, i-ni'as, OF GAZA, ge'za: A pupil of the Neoplatonist Hierocles at Alexandria, and teacher of rhetoric at Gaza. Before 534 he wrote a dialogue, Theophrastus (in MPG, lxxxv. 865-1004), in which he opposes the doctrine of the preexistence of the soul, but asserts its immortality and the resurrection of the body; the perpetuity of the world is rejected. Twenty-five of his letters may be found in R. Hercher, Epistolographi Grceci, pp. 24-32, Paris, 1873, and several of his treatises are in M. de la Bigne, Bibliotheca veterum patrum, viii. (8 vols., Paris, 1609-10); Magna bibliotheca, v. 3 and xii. (15 vols., Paris, 1618-22); and Maxima bibliotheca veterum patrum, viii. (28 vols., Lyons, 1677-1707). G. Kruger.
Bibliography: G. Wernsdorf, Disputatio de JEnea Gazaeo, Kaumburg, 1816; K. Seitz, Die Schule von Gaza, pp. 23- 27, Heidelberg, 1892; K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur , p. 432, Munich, 1897; G. Schalkhauser, JEneas von Gaza als Philosoph, Erlangen, 1898.
.ENEAS OF PARIS: Bishop of Paris 858-870; d. Dec. 27, 870. He is best known as the author of one of the controversial treatises against the Greeks called forth by the encyclical letters of Photius. His comprehensive Liber adversus Grcecos (in D'Achery, Spicilegum, Paris, i., 1723, 113-148; MPL, cxxi. 681-762; cf. MGII, Epist., vi., 1902, p. 171, no. 22) deals with the procession of the Holy Ghost, the marriage of the clergy, fasting, the consignatio infantium, the clerical tonsure, the Roman primacy, and the elevation of deacons to the see of Rome. He declares that the accusations brought by the Greeks against the Latins are " superfluous questions having more relation to secular matters than to spiritual." [The work is mainly a collection of quotations or " sentences," from Greek and Latin Fathers, the former transited.] (A. Hauck.)