THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
was adopted by the Lutheran Synod that he had
organized (1748 J and approved by the German
Lutheran authorities at Halle, whose missionary
he was. It was based upon those
7. Ameri- in use in Liineburg (1643 onward), can Calenberg (1569 onward), Branden- Liturgies. burg- Magdeburg (1739 onward), and Saxony (1712 onward). The liturgy of the Savoy Lutheran Church of London was the only one. apparently, actually in hand, the others exerting their influence through Muhlenberg's memory (for text cf. H. E. Jacobs, A History of the Lutheran Church in the United States, New York, 1893, pp 269-275; cf. also Schmucker, in the Lutheran Church Review, i., pp. 16-27, 161-172). Forms for baptism and the marriage ceremony were taken from the Prayer-Book of the Church of England. In 1795 Kunze published A Hymn and Prayer Book for the use of such Lutheran Churches as use the English Language, which has by successive revisions developed into the present English Church Book. In 1806 the New York ministerium adopted a liturgy modified by Episcopal influence, and in 1818 the Philadelphia ministerium adopted a liturgy in which extemporaneous prayer was allowed as well as freedom in selecting the Scriptures to be read. In 1885 after much controversy and conference the General Synod adopted a "' Common Service," which has been widely accepted by the Churches, but is not regarded as obligatory.
The Dutch Reformed Church in the United States adopted (1771) along with the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, and the Canons of the Synod of Dort, the liturgical forms that were at that time in use in the Netherlands. The Nicene and Athanasian creeds are appended to the liturgy, which has undergone little change. The German Reformed Church in the United States seems to have used the Palatinate liturgy, with local modifications. In 1841 the Eastern Synod published a liturgy prepared by Lewis Mayer, which, however, failed of general approval. A " Provisional Liturgy," prepared by Philip Schaff and others (1857), likewise proved unacceptable. The " Order of Worship " was allowed by the General Synod (1866) as was also the " Western Liturgy " (1869). The " Directory of Worship " was adopted in 1887 (cf. E. T. Corwin, History of the Reformed Church, Dutch, and J. H. Dubbs, History of the Reformed Church, German, New York, 1895). A book of liturgical forms, prepared by Henry Van Dyke and others appointed by the General Assembly, for use in Presbyterian Churches, but in no way obligatory, was published in 1906. It aroused considerable opposition. A. H. N.
Bibliography: J. A. Schmid, Dissertatio de Agendis sive ordinationiims ecclesiasticis, Helmstadt, 1718; J. L. Funk, Die Kirchenordnung der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Deutschlands in ihrem ersten Jahrhundert, 1824; idem, Historische Beleuchtung der Agenden, Neustadt, 1827; A. E. Richter, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts, 2 vols., Weimar, 1846; H. A. Daniel, Codex liturgicus ecclesice universes in epitomen redactus, 4 vols., Leipsic, 1847-53; J. H. A. Ebrard, Reformirtes Kirchenbuch, Zurich, 1847; A. Nordmeier, Protestantische Agenda, Gera, 1879; K. A. Dachsel, Agende fur die evangelische Kirche, Berlin, 1880; E. Sehling, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts, vol. i., Leipaic, 1903.
AGE-TO-COME ADVENT1STS. See Advent-
ISTS, 6.
AGIER, a"zhye', PIERRE JEAN : French lawyer; b. in Paris Dec. 28, 1748, of a Jansenist family; d. there Sept. 22, 1823. He held high positions in the French courts during the Revolution and under Napoleon and the Bourbons, but was early led into comprehensive theological studies. He learned Hebrew at the age of forty. His principal work is Les Prophetes nouvellement traduits de Vhebreu avec des explications et des notes critiques (8 vols., Paris, 1820-23). Among his other works are: Le J urisconsulte national (3 vols., 1788); Vues sur la reformation des his civiles (1793); Traitesurlemariage{2 vols., 1800); Psaumes nouvellement traduits (3 vols., 1809); Vues sur le second avenement de Jesus-Christ (1818); Propheties concernant Jesus-Christ et I'Eglise (1819); and Commentaire sur V Apocalypse (2 vols., 1823).
AGILBERT, a"zhil-bar': Second bishop of the West Saxons (Dorchester) and afterward of Paris; b. in Gaul, probably in Paris; d. at Jouarre (35 m. e. of Paris) Oct. 11, 680; he studied in Ireland, and went to Wessex about 650, where King Cenwealh appointed him bishop to succeed Birinus (he had received consecration before leaving Gaul). As he could not speak English, Cenwealh chose another bishop, Wine, whom he located (probably in 663) in his royal city, Winchester, where he had founded a church soon after his conversion in 646. Agilbert then returned to Gaul, passing through Northumbria and attending the Synod of Whitby (q.v.) on the way. He became bishop of Paris not before 666. He assisted at the consecration of Wilfrid as bishop of York (664 or 665), and entertained Theodore of Tarsus while on his way to Canterbury. After a time Cenwealh invited him to return to Wessex; but he declined, and sent his nephew Hlothhere, or Leutherius, who was consecrated in 670 by the archbishop of Canterbury. Bibliography: Bede, Hist, eccl., Hi. 7, 25-28; iv. 1, 12; v. 19.
AGLIARDI, a"gli"ar'di, ANTONIO: Cardinal; b. at Cologno al Serio (8 m. s.s.e. of Bergamo), Lombardy, Italy, Sept. 4, 1832. After a pastorate of twelve years in his native city, he was called to Rome and appointed administrator of East Indian affairs in the College of the Propaganda, as well as professor of moral theology in the Collegium Urbanum. In the former capacity he was sent to India as apostolic delegate in 1884, after being consecrated titular bishop of Csesarea in Palestine. Ill health forced him to return to Italy, but he was soon in India once more, and made a tour of the country which lasted five months. In 1887, after finally leaving India, he was for a time secretary for extraordinary ecclesiastical affairs, and was then successively papal nuncio at Munich and Vienna. In 1896 he was sent to Russia as ambassador extraordinary to attend the coronation of the czar, and in the same year received the cardinal's hat, while in 1899 he was made suburban bishop of Albano. In 1902 he was placed in charge of the estates of the College of the Propaganda, and since 1903 has been vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church.