RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Agriculture Ahab
zucht in Syrien, insbesondere in Palastina, in ZDPV. ix. (1886) 1-73- S. Schumacher, Der arabische Pfiug, ib. iv. (1881) 70-84, ix. (1886) 1-73, xii. (1889) 157-166; A. E. Knight, Gleanings from Bible Lands . . Occupations of their Inhabitants, London, 1891; V. Kehn^Kulturpflanzen und Haustiere, Berlin, 1894; H. Vogelstein, Die Landwirtschaft in Palastina zur Zeit der Mischna, ib. 1894; H. C Trumbull Studies in Oriental Social Life, Philadelphia, 1894; DB, i. 48-51; EB, i. 76-89; JE, i. 262-270; E. Day,' Social Life of the Hebrews, New York, 1901 (a useful book, based largely on a study of the book of Judges). Consult also the works on antiquities and archeology by De Wette-Rabiger, Leipsic, 1864; H. Ewald, Gottingen, 1866, Eng. transl., London, 1876; C. F. Keil, Frankfort, 1875; Schegg-Wirthmuller, Freiburg, 1887; I. Benzinger, ib. 1894; W. Nowack, ib. 1894; and PEF, Quarterly Reports, particularly the earlier numbers.
AGRIPPA I. AND II., kings of Judea. See
Herod and his Family.
AGRIPPA CASTOR: Christian author who lived in the time of Hadrian, and was perhaps an Egyptian. Eusebius (Hist, eccl., iv. 7) speaks of him very highly. He wrote a refutation of the Gnostic Basilides, which, according to Eusebius, showed independent knowledge of the latter's teaching.
G. Kruger. Bibliography: MPG, vi.; M. J. Routh, Reliquix sacrce,
i: 85-90, Oxford, 1846.
AGRIPPA VON NETTESHEIM, net"tes"hoim', HEINRICH CORNELIUS: Scholar and adventurer; b. at Cologne, of noble family, Sept. 14, 1486; d. at Grenoble 1535. He studied at Cologne and Paris, and took part in some obscure enterprise in Spain (1507-08); lectured at the University of Dole, in Franche-Comt6, on Reuchlin's De verbo mirifico (1509), and aroused the opposition of certain monks; was sent to England on'a political mission by the emperor (1510); returned to Cologne and lectured on quastiones quodlibetales ; served in the imperial army in Italy from 1511 to 1518, and during the same period went to the Council of Pisa as a theologian (1511), and lectured on medicine, jurisprudence, and Hermes Trismegistus in Pavia and Turin. He was appointed syndic at Metz in 1518, but had to flee from the Inquisition two years later. He entered the service of the Duke of Savoy, practised medicine at Freiburg (1523); became physician to the queen mother of France, but was expelled and fled to the Netherlands (1529); was appointed historiographer to Charles V. and lived for some years under the protection of Archbishop Hermann of Cologne, but finally returned to France, where he died. Of his two most celebrated works, the De occulta philosophia (written 1509-10; first printed, ™ }■• Antwerp, 1531; books i.-iii., Cologne, 1533) is a compilation from the Neoplatonists and the Cabala and gives a plan of the world with an exposition of the " hidden powers " which the learning of the time thought it necessary to assume •or the explanation of things; the other, De incertituaine etvanitate scientiarum et artium (written 1526; pn,n*ed,1527). is a compilation from the Humanists anuKeformers, and gives a skeptical criticism not only ot all sconces, but of life itself. A collected in 1600 Agrippa's works was Published at Lyons
BlZ^RAPBT\H- M°rley, Atmvva mn Nettesheim,2 vols
The Life of Henry Cornelius <rols., London, 1856.
f^RRE, 3-gir're, JOSEPH SAENZ, sanz, DE: b. at Logrofio (60 m. e. of Bur-
Spanish cardinaf
gos), Spain, Mar. 24, 1630; d. in Rome Aug. 16, 1699. At an early age he entered the Benedictine order, and became abbot of St. Vincent at Salamanca, and in 1666 professor of theology in the university there; he was also a consultor of the Spanish Inquisition, and ultimately superior-general of the Spanish congregation of his order. In 1686 Innocent XL made him cardinal as a reward for upholding the papal authority against Gallicanism in his Defensio cathedrm S. Petri adversus declarationem cleri Gallicani anni 1682 (Salamanca, 1683). The most important of his numerous theological and philosophical writings are his Collectio maxima conciliorum omnium Hispanice et novi orbis (4 vols., Rome, 1693; new ed.by Catalani, 6 vols., 1753) and his unfinished Theologia S. Anselmi (3 vols., 1679- 85; 2d ed., 1688-90). (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: H. Hurter, Nomenclator literarius recentioris theologice catholica, ii. 521-552, Innsbruck, 1893.
AGUR. See Proverbs.
AHAB, §'hab: Seventh king of Israel; son and successor of Omri. His dates are variously given — 918-897 B.C., according to the older chronology; 878-857, Kamphausen; 875-853, Duncker; 874- 854, Hommel; d. about 851, Wellhausen. His history in I Kings xvi. 28-xxii. 40, is based upon two main sources, from which long extracts are given; the one, which furnished the account of the wars with the Arameans (ch. xx. and xxii.), may be described as a popular history of the kings of the northern realm and their wars; the other, from which the Elijah narratives are taken, evidently originated in prophetic circles. Both were of the ninth century and of Ephraimitic origin. The Monolith Inscription of Shalmaneser II. of Assyria (see Assyria, VI., § 8) states that in the army defeated by Shalmaneser at Karkar (854 B.C.) were 10,000 men and 2,000 chariots furnished by Akhabbu Sir'laai, by whom in all probability Ahab of Israel is meant (for another view, cf. Kittel, 233- 234; Kamphausen, 43, note). The Moabite Stone (q.v.) also states that the subjection of Moab to Israel, established by Omri, lasted for " half of his son's days." Ahab's reign was a time of prosperity. The long war with Judah was ended, and Ahab's daughter Athaliah was married to Jehoram, Jehoshaphat's son. A marriage alliance was also made with the Phenicians, Ahab taking to wife Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal of Tyre. The Moabites remained subject to Israel and paid a considerable tribute (II Kings hi. 4). Jericho was rebuilt, and other cities were fortified or built. Ahab erected a palace at Jezreel (probably the " ivory house " of I Kings xxii. 39). In later years he had to fight with the Arameans of Damascus, who laid siege to Samaria, but were defeated and driven off. In the following year both armies met at Aphek in the plain of Jezreel, and Ben-hadad, the Syrian king, was captured and magnanimously treated by Ahab; with the promise to give up the conquests of his father and to allow Ahab's merchants to have bazaars in Damascus, he was set free. After three years Ahab undertook a new war against Damascus to capture Ramoth-gilead, which probably was to have been delivered to Israel after the covenant at Aphek. This time he had the help
Ahab AJiaziah