THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Gregory VIL hurled a second anathema at Henry in the synod of 10S0. He returned to Germany as permanent papal vicar. Under his influence Liutpold of Austria broke with Henry, and Altmann was able to return to Passau. After Rudolf's death (Oct. 15. 10S0), he was entrusted with the pope's instructions with regard to the setting up of a new contestant for the throne, and Hermann of Luxemburg was chosen (Aug., 1081). Altmann does not appear as leader of the papal party in Germany after Liutpold's defeat by the Bohemians at Mailberg in 1082. He maintained himself for a while in the eastern part of his diocese, Passau itself being held by an opposition bishop, and rejected all compromise. In the internal administration of his diocese his policy was vigorously Hildebrandine. (Carl Mirbt.)
Bibliography: His life, by an anonymous author of the twelfth century, ed. W. Wattenbach, is in MGH, Script., xii. (1856) 226-243; another life by Rupert, abbot of Gottweig (d. 1199;, is in MPL, cxlviii.; and there are modern lives by T. Wiedemann, Augsburg, 1851, J. Stiilz. Vienna, 1853, and A. Linsenmeyer, Passau, 1891. Consult C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., Le'psic, 1894; W Martens, Gregor VII., ib. 1894; Hauck, KD, iii. 341.
ALTMANN, WILHELM: German librarian and historian; b. at Adelnau (65 m. s.e. of Posen) Apr. 4, 1862. He was educated at the universities of Breslau, Marburg, and Berlin (Ph.D., 1885), and was librarian successively at Breslau (1886- 89;, Greifswald (1889-1900), and Berlin (1900-06), being appointed chief librarian of the musical collection in the Royal library of Berlin in 1906. In theology his position is liberal. He has written Wahl Albrechts II. zum romischen Konig (Berlin, 1886); Der Romerzug Ludwigs des Baiern (1886); Studien zu Eberhart Windecke (1891); Die Urkunden Kaiser Sigismunds (2 vols., Innsbruck, 1896-99); and Richard ~\Yagners Briefe nach Zeitfolgung und Inhalt (Leipsic, 1905). He has also edited, among other works, Acta N Gramis (Breslau, 1890); Ausgewahlte Urkunden zur Erlduterung der Yerfassungsgeschichte Deutschlands im M ittelalter (Berlin, 1891; in collaboration with E. Bernheim); and Eberhart Windeffes Denkwiirdigkeiten zur Geschichte des Zeitalters Kaiser Sigismunds (1893).
ALTRUIST COMMUNITY. See Communism, II., 2.
ALUMBRADOS. See Alombrados.
ALUMNATE: A term used to denote the position of a student in an episcopal or papal seminary. In order to enter such an institution the candidate must be capable of receiving orders and have the express intention of taking them. The seminarist receives the privileges of the clerical state as soon as he is tonsured, even before ordination. The alumni of the seminaries and colleges for the training of missionaries have special privileges, on condition that when they enter the college they solemnly swear not to join any religious order, but as secular priests to devote their whole lives to missionary work, under the general direction of the Propaganda, to which they are required to make annual reports. (E. Friedberg.)
Bibliography: P. Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, iv. 503 sqq. 517. Berlin, 1888; O. Mejer, Die Propaganda, i. 73 sqq., 225 sqq., Gcittingen, 1852.
ALVAR OF CORDOVA (called also Paul Alvar):
Spanish Christian champion against the Mohammedans; b. about 800; d. about 861. His ancestors appear to have been Jews, and his family was wealthy. He lived, highly esteemed, upon an inherited estate near Cordova, where he was educated with his lifelong friend Eulogius (q.v.) by the abbot Speraindeo (d. before 852), author of a work against Islam and of a glorification of two Christian brothers who suffered martyrdom under Abd al-Rahman II. From this teacher Alvar and his fellow pupil imbibed a feeling of hatred toward the Mohammedans. Spanish Christians at the time were filled with a fanatical longing for martyrdom and found an easy way to the attainment of their desire by publicly reviling Mohammed, which was forbidden under the penalty of death. Alvar encouraged such proceedings, while Eulogius, after some hesitation, became the soul of the movement. In Alvar's chief work, the Indiculus luminosus (854), he undertakes to prove that Mohammed was a precursor of Antichrist and that it was therefore permissible to revile him. That he did not himself seek a martyr's death is explained by the often-repeated assertion of Eulogius, that only such should sacrifice themselves as were ripe for eternal life through personal holiness. The movement died out after Eulogius had suffered (859), and Alvar then wrote his friend's life in a strain of extravagant glorification. His last and most mature work was a Conjessio, imitated (but not slavishly) from the Oratio fro corr&ptione vitce of Isidore of Seville; in mystico-contemplative form it expresses deep contrition and the longing for salvation. A few of Alvar's Latin poems have been preserved, and a Liber scintillarum, a sort of Christian ethics in the form of a collection of quotations from Biblical and ecclesiastical writers, is ascribed to him with probability by a Gothic manuscript of Madrid (cf. MPL, xc. 94-95). His works are in MPL, cxv., cxxi.
Bibliography: W. von Baudissin, Eulogius und Alvar, Leipsic, 1872.
ALYPIUS, SAINT : 1 . A saint of the Roman Calendar; b. of a prominent family at Thagaste, Numidja, in the fourth century. He became a pupil of Augustine in Carthage and later one of his most devoted friends, and was converted from Manicheanism by him. He preceded Augustine to Rome to study law and was assessor there to the court of the Italian treasury. When Augustine went to Milan, Alypius accompanied him, attended the preaching of Ambrose, was converted to Christianity, and baptized with Augustine on Easter, 387. With Augustine he returned to Africa and lived with him at Thagaste till in 391 Augustine became bishop of Hippo and Alypius abbot of a monastery at Thagaste. In 394 he became bishop of Thagaste and survived Augustine. His day is Aug. 15. He is mentioned many times in Augustine's "Confessions" (v'i. 7-16 and elsewhere), and several of Augustine's letters to him have been preserved.
2. A saint of the Greek Calendar; b. at Adrianople about 550. In imitation of Simeon he stood upon a pillar, hence was called The Stylite. He