THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
A marriage between Peada, son of Penda and under-king of the Middle-Angles, with a Northumbrian princess, daughter of Oswy, led to his conversion. He was baptized by Finan, Aidan's successor at Lindisfarne, in 653. Finan also baptized (probably at the same time) Sigbert, king of Essex, which had relapsed into heathenism after the time of Augustine. Peada's conversion was followed by that of his people. Four Mercia and priests of the Northumbrian Church,
Essex. Cedd (q.v.), Adda, Betti, and Diuma, settled in his kingdom, and even Penda did not restrict their preaching. Penda, the last powerful pagan ruler, was slain in battle with Oswy of Northumbria in 655, and the complete Christianization of Mercia soon followed. Diuma was consecrated bishop of Mercia by Finan, probably in 656. His see was at Lichfield. About ten years later Diuma's third successor, Jaruman, supported by Wulfhere, king of Mercia, and Penda's son, completed the conversion of Essex, a part of whose people had a second time relapsed into heathenism.
Christianity was introduced into East Anglia
from Kent; but the only result was that the king,
Redwald, set up Christian and heathen
East altars side by side. An obscure story
Anglia. connected with the conversion of Edwin of Northumbria (Bede, Hist. eccl., ii. 12) has led to the conjecture that Paulinus (q.v.) may have been sent on a mission to East Anglia before 616. Eorpwald, Redwald's son, became a Christian through the influence of Edwin in 627 or 628, but in the same year he was killed by a heathen. After three years his brother, Sigbert, who had accepted Christianity in Gaul, gained the throne, and with the help of Felix (q.v.), who became bishop of Dunwich in 631, evangelized the land.
Sussex received the Gospel through the labors
of Wilfrid of York (q.v.) between 681 and 686,
although its king, Ethelwalh, had
Sussex. been baptized earlier in Mercia and had made some unsuccessful efforts to introduce the Gospel. Its first bishop was Eadbert (709).
The Anglo-Saxon Church, like all churches of
the early .Middle Ages, had in many respects a
national character. The wishes of
The Anglo- the kings determined the appointment
Saxon of bishops, if indeed the kings did not
Church. directly name them. Princes and rulers took part in synods, and bishops attended the councils of the rulers. Kings issued ecclesiastical orders. The Anglo-Saxon tongue was heard in divine service, and the baptismal formula also was Anglo-Saxon. The Old and New Testaments were read in Anglo-Saxon, and old homilies were translated into the vernacular. Dioceses were formed according to political divisions and were named after peoples rather than towns. Bibliography: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. B. Thorpe, in
Rolls Series, No. 23, 2 vols., 1861; also ed. C. Plum-
mer, Oxford, 1892; Bede, historical works, partiou
larly Hist, eccl., ed. C. Plummer, 2 vols., Oxford,
1896; Gildas, De excidio et conquestu Britannio?, ed.
T. Mommsen, in MGH, Chronica minora, iii. (1898) 1-85; also ed. H. Williams, with transl., London, 1899; the letters of Gregory the Great, ed. P. Ewald and L. M. Hartmann, in MGH, Epistolce, i.-ii., 1887-93; those relating to the mission to England, with other material pertaining to St. Augustine, in The Mission of St. Augustine, ed. A. J. Mason, Cambridge, 1897; Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, vol. iii.; J. M. Lappenberg, Geschichte von England, i., Hamburg, 1834, Eng. transl., A History of England, under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, 2 vols., London, 1845; B. Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, ib. 1840; R. Schmid, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, Leipsic, 1858; J. M. Kemble, The Saxons in England, ii. 342-496, London, 1876; J. R. Green, History of the English People, vol. i., book i., ib. 1877; idem, The Making of England, ib. 1882; W Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England, i.,ch. viii., Oxford, 1883; E. Winkelmann, Geschichte der Angelsachsen bis zum Tode Konig Alfreds, Berlin, 1884; W. Bright, Early English Church History, Oxford, 1897; W Hunt, The English Church from its Foundation to the Norman Conquest, London, 1899.
ANGLUS, THOMAS. See White, Thomas.
ANGOLA. See Africa, II.
ANGUS, JOSEPH: English Baptist; b. at Bolam (15 m. n.w. of Newcastle), Northumberland, Jan. 16, 1816; d. at Hampstead, London, Aug. 28, 1902. He studied at King's College, London, at Stepney Baptist College, and at Edinburgh University (M.A., 1838), and became pastor of the New Park Street Baptist Church, Southwark, London (1838), cosecretary of the Baptist Missionary Society (1840), sole secretary (1842), and president of Stepney College (1849), which position he held till 1893. During his administration the College was removed to Regent's Park and affiliated with the University of London, its attendance doubled, its endowment was augmented by a professorial fund of £30,000, and scholarships were provided for missionary and other students. He was a member of the first London School Board, and of the New Testament Revision Company. He published: The Voluntary System (London, 1839), a prize essay in reply to the lectures of Dr. Chalmers on Church establishments; Christ our Life (1853), which won a prize for an essay on the life of Christ adapted to missionary purposes and suitable for translation into the languages of India; Christian Churches (1862); Lectures on Future Punishment (1870); Apostolic Missions (1871; new ed. 1892); Six Lectures on Regeneration (1897). He wrote the commentary on Hebrews for Schaff's International Commentary on the New Testament, New York and Edinburgh (1883); and for the Religious Tract Society he prepared: Handbooks of the Bible (1854; partly rewritten by Samuel G. Green 1904), the English Tongue (1862), English Literature (1865); and Specimens of English Literature (1866; new ed. 1880). For the same society he edited Butler's Analogy (1855), and Sermons (1882), and Wayland's Elements of Moral Science (1858).
ANHALT: Duchy of the German empire, surrounded, except for a short distance on the west, where it touches the duchy of Brunswick, by Prussian territory (government districts of Magdeburg, Potsdam, Merseburg). Its area is 906 square miles; population (1900), 316,000; capital, Dessau. Ninety-six per cent, of the people are Protestants; 3} per cent, are Roman Catholics; while the Jews