RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Antioch
An titrinitarianism
Origenists, against whom he wrote his chief work (in Greek), the " Refutation." Only a few fragments of it are preserved, in the " Parallels " of John of Damascus. Most of the homilies ascribed to Antipater are not his. Even the two on John the Baptist and Annunciation Day, which Migne claims for him, are doubtful; the first supposes a fully developed veneration of the Baptist, and its diction is suggestive of Byzantine rhetoric; the other address is more simple. The question as to the genuineness of the homilies can not be decided until more of them shall have been published. His works are in MPG, lxxxv., xcvi. (the quotations in John of Damascus). Philipp Meyer.
Bibliography: Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Grceca, x. 518 sqq., Hamburg, 1807.
ANTIPHON, an'ti-fen: A term denoting primarily alternating song or chanting, one voice or choir answering another. It was a Jewish custom (Ezraiii. 11; I Chron. xxix. 20; Ps. cvi. 45; Matt, xxvi. 30) and was early introduced into the Christian Church. Basil (Epist., ccvii.), in writing to the clergy of Neocaesarea, mentions the two commonest methods: " Now, divided into two parts, they sing antiphonally with one another. Afterward they again commit the prelude of the strain to one, and the rest take it up." The latter method could be either hypophonic, when the response consisted of the closing words of each verse or section; epiphonic, when an expression like "Amen," "Alleluia," "Gloria Patri " was repeated at the end of a psalm; or antiphonic in the strict sense, when the second body of singers responded to the first half of each verse with the second half, or the two bodies repeated verses alternately. Later the term " antiphon " came to mean merely a verse or formula with which the precentor, or precentors, began, and which was repeated by the entire choir at the end of the song. It determines the mode of the piece, and closes with the key-note followed by the dominant and the evovce (the last notes of the piece; the name is made up of the vowels of seculorum, amen). The whole antiphon (abbreviated into ana) is now sung both at the beginning and at the end of psalms at lauds and vespers on double feast-days; at other times, only at the end. A collection of antiphons is called an antiphonarium or antiphonale.
The Breviarium Romanum has many excellent antiphons, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church has also made use of them. They are chosen with reference to the content of the psalm or hymn to which they are joined, or they indicate its relation to special days and times. For example, an antiphon to Ps. lxiii. for Christmas is: " And the angel said unto them, fear not, for behold I bring you good tidings"; for Trinity Sunday, "Gloria tibi, Tnnitas "; for apostles' days, " Ye are my friends." the music of the ancient antiphons is generally appropriate, beautiful, and powerful.
M. Herold.
Bibliography: F Armknecht, Die heilige Psalmodie, Got- T^ 1855; L- Sch6berlein, Schatz des liturgischen Choroid Gememde-Gesangs, i. 550 sqq., ib. 1880; W. Lohe, Aoende, Nordlingen, 1884; M. Herold, Vesperale, 2 vols., Uitersloh, 1893; F. Hommel, Antiphonen und Psalmen- "we, ib. 1896; R. von Lilienoron. Chorordnung, ib. 1900.
ANTIPOPE: A papal usurper, not elected in the canonical way, but resting his claims on fraud or force. Political intrigues, the ambitions of sovereigns, and the action of a minority of the cardinals have generally been responsible for rival popes. In 1046 there were four claimants of the papacy: Sylvester III., Benedict IX., Gregory VI., and Clement II. It has not always been easy to decide which of the rivals was the true pope, and in such cases schism has been the result. The longest schism (known as " the Great Schism ") succeeded the death of Gregory XL (1378) and lasted fifty years (see Schism). For the names of the antipopes, see the list given in the article Pope, Papacy, and Papal System.
ANTITACTjE, an"ti-tac'ti or -te: The name given by Clement of Alexandria (Strom., iii. 34- 39; followed by Theodoret, Hozreticarum fabularum epitome, i. 16) to a branch of Gnostic libertines, who rejected the demiurge. See Carpocrates