THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ii.-iii., 11 voIs.,Leipsic, 1762 sqq.; F. C. Baur, Die christliche Lehrc von der Dreieinigkeil und Menschwerdung Gottes, i. 306-825, Tubingen, 1841; J. A. Mohler, Athanasius der Grosse, books ii.-vi., Mainz, 1844; J. A. Dorner, Entunckelungsgeschichte der Lehre von der Person Christi, i. 773-1080, Stuttgart, 1854, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1861; E. Revillout, Le Concile de Nicee, Paris, 1861; H. Voigt, Die Lehre des Athanasius, Bremen, 1861; Neander, Christian Church, ii. 403-473; F. Bohringer, Athanasius und Arius, Leipsic, 1874; W Rolling, Geschichte der arianischen Haresie bis zur Entscheidung in Nicda, 2 vols., Gutersloh, 1874-83; F. J. A. Hort, Two Dissertations on povoyevri'; 0eoe and on the " Constantinopolitan" Creed and other Eastern Creeds of the Fourth Century, Cambridge, 1876; J. H. Newman, The Arians of the Fourth Century, London, 1876; A. P. Stanley, The Council and Creed of Constantinople in Christian Institutions, London, 1881; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 616- 649; H. M. Gwatkin, Studies of Arianism, Cambridge, new ed., 1900, earlier ed., popularized in The Arian Controversy, London, 1891; A. von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften, ii. 427-449, Leipsic, 1890 (valuable for chronology) ; O. Seeck, in ZKG, xvii. (1896) 1-71; K. Kunstle, Eine Bibliothek der Symbole und theologischen Tractate zur Bekdmpfung des Priscillianismus und westgothischen Arianismus, Mainz, 1900; P. Rainy, The Ancient Catholic Church, 323-357, London, 1902; W. Bright, The Age of the Fathers, i. 53-246, London, 1903. Consult also Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chap, xxi., Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, i.-ii., also in Eng. transl., the histories of Christian doctrine, such as Harnack, Eng. transl., iv., Loofs, Fisher, and Seeburg, and J. Chrystal, Authoritative Christianity, vol. i., Jersey City, 1891.
ARIAS, Q"ri'os, BENEDICTUS (Called Montanus): Spanish scholar; b. probably at Fregenal de la Sierra (215 m. s. w. of Madrid), Estremadura, Spain, Nov. 12, 1527; d. at Seville July 6, 1598. He studied in Seville and Alcala and became especially proficient in languages; became a priest of the knightly order of St. Iago and accompanied Bishop Martin Perez Ajala of Segovia to the Council of Trent. King Philip II. called him from a life of scholastic retirement at Aracena near Seville and sent him to Belgium in 1568 to superintend the preparation of the Antwerp Polyglot (see Bibles, Polyglot, II.), and when the work was completed (1572) he went to Rome to present it to the pope. On his return to Spain the king rewarded him with a pension and several remunerative appointments, such as court chaplain and librarian at the Escorial. He was blamed for preferring the Hebrew text to the Vulgate and for introducing the Targums into the Polyglot. The Jesuits, to whom he was opposed, were particularly active with charges against him, but he succeeded in clearing himself at Rome. Besides the Apparatus to the Antwerp Polyglot (containing dissertations De Hebraicis idiotismis , De arcano sermone, etc.), he wrote commentaries on many of the books of the Bible, Antiquitatum Judaicarum libri ix. (Leyden, 1593), Liber generationis et regenerationis Adam (Antwerp, 1593), translated into Latin Benjamin of Tudela's travels (1575), and wrote Latin poems.
Bibliography: Memorias de la real academia de la historia, vii. 1-199, Madrid, 1832.
ARIBO, a"ri'bo: Bishop of Freising 764-784. If, as is probable, he is the boy whose story he tells in the VitaCorbiniani,xxxix., he was born at Mais near Meran, and educated by Bishop Erembert of Freising. His signature appears first as witness to a document of 748. Under Bishop Joseph he
was ordained and filled the office of notary, soon afterward of archpriest, and later of abbot of Scharnitz. After Joseph's death (Jan. 17, 764), he was raised to the bishopric of Freising, whose possessions he increased considerably. The opposition of Tassilo, duke of Bavaria, to Frankish rule made trouble for him; he took the Frankish side, and appears to have been deprived of his bishopric by Tassilo, since in 782 Abbot Atto of Schledorf was in charge of the diocese, while Aribo did not die until May 4, 784. He wrote two biographies, one of St. Corbinian, whose relics he translated to Freising, probably in 768 (not fully completed; afterward retouched by the monk Hrotroc), and one of Emmeram, abbot and bishop of Regensburg. The former in its original form, ed. S. Riezler, was published at Munich in 1888; as completed, in C. Meichelbeck, Historia Frisingensis, i. (Augsburg, 1724), and in ASB, Sept., iii. 281-296; the latter is in Analecta Bollandiana, viii. (1889) 220- 255, and in MGH, Script, rer. Merov., iv. (1902) , pp. 452-524, and ASB, Sept., vi. 474-486.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliosbafhy: Rettberg, KD, ii. 258-259; Wattenbach, DGQ, i. 138, 171; Hauek, KD, ii. 387.
ARISTEAS, ar"is-ti'as: The name assumed by the author of a letter professing to give the history of the translation into Greek of the Hebrew Pentateuch for Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. The letter states that, at the suggestion of Demetrius Phalereus, Ptolemy sent Aristeas to the high priest Eleazar to obtain experienced men to render the Hebrew Law into Greek for the library at Alexandria. Eleazar chose seventy-two men, six from each of the tribes, who went to Egypt, were received with great honor, completed their task, and were sent back with presents for themselves and the high priest. There is a legend that five were Samaritans and that their copies were preserved.
This narrative was for centuries the account accepted by Jews and Christians of the origin of the Septuagint. It appears in Aristobulus (as quoted by Eusebius, Prceparatio evangelica, xiii. 12), Philo (Vita Mosis, ii.), Josephus (Ant., XII. ii. 2 sqq.), Justin Martyr, Irenseus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and so on down to Whiston. The letter has been shown to be unhistorical, e.g., Demetrius Phalereus was banished from Alexandria at the beginning of the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Its purpose was the glorification of the Hebrew race, religion, and literature. Its statements are entirely discredited by modern criticism, and its author is entirely unknown.
Bibliography: The letter was printed with a number of editions of the Bible, e.g., that of J. Andreas, 1471; was translated into English by J. Done, London, 1633, was edited in Greek with English translation, London, 1715; it is appended to Swete's Introduction to the Septuagint, London, 1902; and was translated with notes by H. St. J. Thackeray, London, 1904. H. Hody wrote in 1685, Contra Historiam Aristea de LXX Interpretibus Dittertatio, and followed it in 1705 with his great De bibliorum textibus originalibus, which completely demolished the letter as a foundation for history. C. Hayes vainly attempted a defense in 1736. Consult also: E. Nestle, Septuagintastudien, vol. ii., Ulm, 1896; J. E. H. Thomson, in PEF, Quarterly Statement, p. 82, Jan., 1902 (on the legend which includes Samaritans among the Seventy).