THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
peror Constantine, who called it, and under the presidency of Marinus, the bishop of the place, in 314 (316?). Thirty-three bishops were present, representing almost all the western provinces, from Africa to Britain. The significance of the synod in regard to the Donatist controversy will be treated under Doxatis.m. The canons are principally interesting as showing how the Church endeavored to adapt itself to the alteration in its circumstances brought about by the recognition of Christianity. They declare that the acceptance of a government office is no reason for forsaking the fellowship of the Church, and that those who refused to serve in the army when summoned should be excommunicated, while they refused to consider charioteers and actors as members of the Church unless they renounced their professions. The principal enactments, however, related to clerical and lay discipline. Important regulations as to ecclesiastical usages were the prescription of unanimity in keeping Easter, the forbidding of the African custom of rebaptizing heretics, and the requirement of the presence of three bishops at least for an episcopal consecration. Another synod was held at Aries in 353 during the Arian controversy; it is not included in the usual enumeration. What is called the second synod was held in the fifth century, not before 443. Its 56 canons are mostly reaffirmations of older decrees. It is called in question by Duchesne (Fastes episcopavx, Paris, 1894, p. 141). The next synod, in 451, declared its adhesion to the " Tome of St. Leo " on the Incarnation. What is usually called the third, a fewyears later, decided a local dispute between a bishop and an abbot. After two more synods, in 463 and about 475 (for the latter see Lucidus), the so called fourth met under the presidency of Casarius in 524, and was largely concerned with means for increasing the number of the clergy. The fifth was held in 554, to establish more firmly the episcopal authority. No others worth mentioning occur until the reforming
synod of SI 3, held under Charlemagne's auspices and expressing his views. Another was held in 1234 in connection with the crusade against the Albigenses. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The acts are in Mansi, Concilia, the canona of ] , 2, 4, and 5 in H. P. Bruns, Canones apostolorum et conciliorum, ii., Berlin, 1839; of 4 and 5 in MGH, Concilia, i. (1893), ii. (1904); consult Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, passim.
ARMAGH, BISHOPRIC OF: An ancient episcopal see in Ireland, traditionally reputed to have been founded by St. Patrick about 445, and now existing in connection with both the Roman Catholic and the Anglican Churches. It had exclusive metropolitan jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland until 1152 when a national council at Kells provided for the elevation of three other sees, those of Cashel, Dublin, and Tuam, to archiepiscopal rank, Armagh still holding the primacy. Of the earlier archbishops the most famous was St. Malachy (d. 1148see Malachy O'Morgair, St.), the friend of St. Bernard and reformer of the Irish Church. Edward VI., in the course of his efforts to establish Protestantism, attempted to transfer the primacy to Dublin, and the Protestant Archbishop of Dublin is at present designated as " primate of Ireland," while his colleague of Armagh has been known as " primate of all Ireland " since the beginning of the eighteenth century. The Roman Catholic succession was maintained with the greatest difficulty in the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; one archbishop was assassinated, another died in the Tower of London, and a third (Plunket ) was executed in 1681 on the charge of complicity in the " Popish Plot." The diocese comprises Louth, the greater part of Armagh and Tyrone, and a section of Derry. The Anglican diocese included that of Clogher from 1850 to 1886 when Clogher was restored as a separate jurisdiction. For additional details on the earlier history, see Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland.
I. History.
The Old Armenian Kingdom — to
600 B.C. (§ 1). Indo-Germanic Immigration — the
Armenians (§ 2). The Persian Period, 226-642 (§ 3). The Califs and the Inroads of the Turks— to 1381 (§ 4).
II. Literature.