THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
of Lucian of Antioch (see Lucian the Martyr) and represented Arianism in a mOd form. According to Jerome (De vir ill., xciv) he wrote commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans, the Gospels, and the Psalms. G. Kruger.
Bibliography: T. Zahn, Marcellus von Ancyra, pp. 38 sqq., Gotha, 1867.
3. Bishop of Petra in Arabia. He was originally a follower of Eusebius, but renounced the party at Sardica in 343, and was banished to Libya. In 362 he took part in the synod held at Alexandria.
G. Kruger.
Bibliography: DCB, i, 177-178.
4. Bishop of Amasia in Pontus from 378; d. before 431. He was a famous pulpit orator of the ancient Greek Church; of his homilies, which have historical importance, twenty-one are wholly extant, and extracts from six others are given by Photius (codex 271). They are in MPG, xl.
G. Kruger.
Bibliography: K. F. W. Paniel, Pragmatische Geschichte der christlichen Beredsamkeit, i, part 2, 562-582, Leipsic, 1S41; L. Koch, in ZHT,x\i (1871), 77-107; DCB, i, 178; Kruger, History, p 367.
ASTIE, as"ti', JEAN FREDERIC : Swiss Protestant ; b. at Nerac (65 m. s.e. of Bordeaux), Lotet-Garonne, France, Sept. 21, 1S22; d. at Lausanne May 20, 1892. He studied at Geneva, Halle, and Berlin, went to the United States, and was pastor of a French church in New York from 1848 to 1853; from 1856 till his death he was professor of philosophy and theology in the Free Faculty at Lausanne. From 1868 he was joint editor of the Revue de Theologie et de Philosophic, published at Geneva and Lausanne. Besides polemical pamphlets, he wrote Louis Fourteenth and the Writers of His Age, lectures in French delivered in New York, translated by E. N. Kirk (Boston, 1855); an account, in French, of the religious revival in the United States in 1857-58 (Lausanne, 1859); a history of the United States (2 vols., Paris, 1865); Esprit d' Alexandre Yinet (2 vols., 1861); Les Deux Theologies nouvelles sans le sein du Protestantisrne jrancais (1862) ; Explication de I'Evangile selon Saint-Jean (3 vols., Geneva, 1864); Theologie allemande contemporaine (1874); Melanges de theologie et de philosophic (Lausanne, 1878); and published an edition of the Pensees of Pascal (2 vols., Paris, 1857; 2d ed., 1882).
ASTROLOGY AND ASTRONOMY. See Stars.
ASTRUC, Qs"truc', JEAN: Roman Catholic; b. at Sauve (20 m. w.n.w. of Nimes, department of Gard), Languedoc, Mar. 19, 1684; d. in Paris May 5, 1766. He was carefully educated by his father, who had been a Protestant pastor, but had been converted to Roman Catholicism; he studied also at Montpellier, where he received the degrees of M.A. and M.D. (1703), lectured at Montpellier, became professor on the medical faculty at Toulouse (1710), and at Montpellier (1717). In 1729 he became physician to King Augustus III of Poland, returned to France in 1730 as physician to Louis XV, was professor at the royal college in Paris from 1731, and member of the medical faculty there from 1743. He was eminent in his profession and published several medical treatises of value.
The study of skin diseases led him to consider the Pentateuchal laws of the clean and the unclean; and this occasioned the work which entitles him to mention in a theological encyclopedia, a work which is regarded by many modern scholars as pointing out the true path of Pentateuchal investigation. It appeared anonymously (12mo, Brussels, 1753), with the title, Conjectures sur les memoir es originaux dont il paroit que Moyse s'est servi pour composer le livre de la Genese. Avec des remarques qui appuient ou qui tclaircissent ces conjectures, and consists of a preface (pp. 1-2), preliminary remarks (pp 3-24), the Book of Genesis and chapters i and ii of Exodus in French translation from the Geneva folio edition of 1610 arranged according to the supposed memoir es (pp, 25-280), the '' conjectures " proper (pp. 281-495), closing with an index of twenty-eight pages
That the Pentateuch is based upon older documents was no new idea. Astruc's originality consisted rather in his assumption that these sources had not been recast, but had been pieced together, and in his attempt to reproduce the sources, following as a clue the varying use of Elohim and Yahweh for the divine name. He thought that he discovered traces of twelve documents, and made naive guesses at their authorship; as Amram the father and Levi the great-grandfather of Moses for Ex. i-ii, and what immediately precedes, respectively; Joseph for his own story; Levi for the Dinah narrative (Gen. xxxiv); etc. He rightly perceives that his hypothesis explains the two expressions for the divine name, as well as repetitions and chronological difficulties. He also thinks that it vindicates Moses from the reproach of careless workmanship, since it is probable that originally he arranged the material in columns like the work of Origen or a harmony of the Gospels, and that negligent or ignorant copyists put it in consecutive form. The Mosaic authorship, Astruc considered established beyond possibility of doubt by passages such as John i, 45, v, 46. The fear that freethinkers would misuse his work deterred him from publishing it till his seventieth year; and he issued it then only on the assurance of a man " learned and very zealous for religion " that " far from being injurious to the cause of religion, it could only be helpful to it, because it would remove or clear up several difficulties which arise in reading the book and with the weight of which commentators have always been burdened" (Preface, p. 1). The titlepage bears the motto Avia Pieridum peragro loca nullius ante trita solo (" Free through the muses' pathless haunts I roam, where mortal feet have never strayed," Lucretius, iv, 1). A German translation of the Conjectures, abridged, appeared at Frankfort in 1782, with the title Mutmassungen in Betreff der Originalberichte der en sich Moses wahrscheinlicherweise bei Verfertigiing des ersten seiner Biicher bedient hat, nebst Anmerkungen wodurch diese Mutmassungen theils unterstutzt theils erlautert werden. As a guaranty of his soundness in the faith, Astruc published immediately after the Conjectures a Dissertation sur I'immortalitd et sur Vimmatrrialitr de I'dme with a Dissertation sur la liberie (Paris, 1755). His Mcmoires pour servira Vhistoire