THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
improved by J. Bonnet (London, 1705) is thought
to have been originally published as the second
part of the Devotions.
Bibliography: A. a Wood, Athena: Oxonienses, iii, 149, 150, 1226. 1227, Oxford, 1692; C. Butler, Historical Memoirs, of English . . Catholics, iv, 459, London, 1S22; DNB, ii, 263-264; J. Gillow, Biographical Dictionary of English Catholics, i, 87-90, London, 1885.
History (§1).
Relation to England (§ 2).
Church and State. General
Statistics (§ 3). Anglican Church (§ 4). Other Protestants (§ 5).
AUSTRALIA.
Roman Catholics (§ 6).
Non - Christian Religions (§ 7).
Missions Among Aborigines (§ 8).
Education (§ 9).
Australia is a continent and a federal commonwealth that includes, for administrative purposes, the island of Tasmania; it consists of five states, with a population of about 3,670,000 i. History, in 1901, in addition to the 172,000 inhabitants of Tasmania. In 1788 Sydney, in the present state of New South Wales, was founded, chiefly as a penal settlement, but the immigration of freemen continued side by side with that of criminals until 1840, while after 1835 the latter class of settlers entered the colony in considerable numbers. In the present Western Australia and Queensland penal settlements were established at King George Sound and Brisbane in 182.5 and 1826, while Adelaide and South Australia were settled in 1836. In consequence of the rich discoveries of gold Victoria was formed into a new colony in 18.51, and Queensland was separated from New South Wales eight years later. These districts enjoyed the utmost independence, especially after 1855, but the need of union was increasingly felt, so that on Jan. 1, 1901, a confederation of all the colonies and Tasmania was formed under the name of the Commonwealth of Australia. The administration consists of the Governor-General, seven ministers, a senate of six members from each of the allied states, and a house of seventy-six representatives. In addition to this, each state has its own parliament and president.
The legal bond of Australia with the mother country is extremely loose, since the power of the English Governor-General is restricted to a temporary veto with regard to foreign 2. Relation affairs. On the other hand, by far to England, the greater majority of the population recognize themselves as united with the mother country by descent, language, and religion, so that Australia and England are knit together by internal bonds other than political. The import and export trade, moreover, is carried on chiefly with England, which is also the principal creditor of the national debt of Australia. The immigrants naturally transplanted their ecclesiastical tendencies and institutions into their new home, and the religious communities of Australia are vitally connected with those of the mother country as well as with other British colonies, thus further cementing the internal union of Australia and England.
An external union of Church and State was long maintained in Australia, the state finances paying the greater part of the salaries of the clergy and
contributing largely to the building of churches
and parish expenses until the seventh decade of the
nineteenth century. The dissolution
3. Church of this relation, begun by New South
and State. Wales in 1862, brought little disadvan-
General tage to the larger denominations, and
Statistics, of the smaller sects only the Lutherans
(chiefly Germans) suffered severely
by the change.
The following table gives results of the census of 1901, to which figures for 1891 are added for comparison:
O 0>
■
3i2
a
OS
O M OS 3
a a
.3
>
(5
Anglicans, 1901 —
1891....
Presbyterians, 1901
Methodists, 1901 . . .
1891...
Congregationalists
andlndependents,
Lutherans, 1901
1891....
" 1891
633,200
503,0U0 133,700 109,400 137,700 110,150
34,900 24,130 7,400 7,950 16,650 13,150
185,050 142,600 57,650 45,650 46,600 30,900
9,800 8,600 25,550 23,400 12,300 10,300
107,000 89,300 18,400 18,200 90,000 60,850
13,400 11,900 26,200 23,350 23,000 17,600
83,850 76,100 11,550 9,800 25,000 17,300
5,600 4,510 1,100 4,800 3,300
424,000 417,300 192,000 167,050 182,000 158,050
17,300 22,210 14,100 9,400 33,000 27,900
75,650 24,800 14,750
2,000 24,600
4,600
4,450 1,580 1,7.50 2,950 1,000
Total, 1901
" 1891
943,550 767,770
336,950 261,450
377,000 321,200
131,200 112,010
862,300 801,810
124,150 34,930
To the figures for 1901 are to be added 1,240 Quakers, 3,100 Unitarians, 22,050 who reported themselves simply as Protestants (the majority probably Germans), 11,660 " Christians," and 24,- 200 adherents of smaller bodies. The Salvation Army numbered 31,150. The sum total of the Protestant population of the Commonwealth is therefore in the neighborhood of two and threequarter millions.
The Roman Catholics are also strong in Australia, as is shown by the following table :
Adding 6,200 who designated themselves simply as " Catholics," the sum total is 857,450.
The ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the religious bodies naturally conforms to the political boundaries of the states, although, as in case of the states, unions, either temporary or permanent, have been formed. The oldest and most prominent Protestant body in Australia is the 4. Anglican Anglican Church, with a membership of Church. 1,498,750. Services were held as early as 1788, although the bishopric of Australia (including Tasmania and New Zealand) was not created until 1836. In 1847 three new bishoprics were created and the former bishop of Australia became bishop of Sydney and metropolitan of