THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
tion of thy worship would be produced. If you worship from fear, that is unworthy of the threshold of the holiness of God, nor will you be accounted a believer; so also, if your gaze is on Paradise and you worship in hope of that, for then you have made God's creation a partner with him."
Geo. W Gilmore.
Bibliography: The best descriptions of Babism are in the writings or translations of E. G. Browne, who i;ives material gained from first-hand knowledge and in sympathetic vein, as follows: Traveller's Narrative, written to illustrate the Episode of the Bab, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1893; A Year among the Persvnts, London, 1893; Mirza Huseyn of Hamadan, Tarikh-i-Jadid, or the New History of Mirza Ali Muhammad the Bab, transl. by E. G. B., New York, 1892 (diffuse, but full; a native account with condensed narra-
tive and valuable notes); Babism, in Religious Systems of the World, pp. 189 sqq.; Literary History of Persia, passim, New York, 1902. Other accounts are in: J. A. de Gobineau, Lee Religions el les philosophies dans I'Asie Centrale, pp. 141 sqq., Paris, 1865 (detaile 1 and sympathetic; one of his pathetic descriptions of the persecution is quoted in E. Renan, Les Apotres, pp. 378 sqq., Paris, 1866, Eng. transl., pp. 201-202, London, n.d.); G. N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, i, passim, especially pp. 496-504, 2 vols., London, 1892; A. S. Geden, Studies in Comparative Religion, pp. 291 sqq., ib. 1898 (concise but clear); E. Sell, Essays on Islam, pp. 46 sqq., ib. 1901 (deals with the antecedents of the sect); AJT, Jan., 1902 (describes the American propaganda); J. E. Carpenter, in Studies in Theology, by J. E. C. and P. H. Wicksted, London, 1903; M. H. Phelps, The Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi, New York, 1903 (gives one of the later phases of the development); Beha- Ullah, Les Preceptes du Behaisme, Paris, 1906.
I. The Names. Importance of Babylonia. Reasons for Interest (§ 1). II. The Land. Alluvial (§ 1).
Influence on Life and Activities( § 2). The Climate, Fauna, and Flora (§ 3).
III. Exploration and Excavation. Rich and Mignan (§ 1). Loftus (§2).
Fresnel and Oppert (§ 3). De Sarzec (§ 4). Rassam (§5).
The University of Pennsylvania Expedition (§ 6).
IV. The Cities.
Origin and Development (§ 1). Eridu (§ 2). Ur (§ 3). Larsa (§ 4). Erech (§ 5).
Shirpurla and Lagash (§ 6). Isin or Nisin (§ 7). Girsu (§ 8). Nippur (§9). Kish and Cutha (§ 10). Akkad and Sippar (§ 11). Babylon (§12). Borsippa (§ 13). Bit-Yakin (§14). V The People, Language, and Culture. The Earliest Inhabitants Mongolian
(§1). Semitic Immigrations (§ 2). The Language. Two Forms (§ 3). The Sumerian-Akkadian Language
(§ 4). The Assyrio-Babylonian Language
(§5).
BABYLONIA.
The Literature (§ 6).
The Civilization (§ 7).
Slavery and the Status of Women
(§ 8). Occupations (§ 9). Science (§ 10). VI. History.
1. Chronology. The Data (§ 1).
Value of Nabonidus's Dates (§ 2).
2. The Pre-Sargonic Age, 4500-3800
B.C.
En-shag-kushanna (§ 1).
Urukagina (§2).
Mesilim (§ 3).
Ur-Nina, Akurgal, Eannatum, En-
temena (§ 4). Alusharshid (§5). Lugal-zaggisi, Lugal-kigubnidudu,
Lugal-kisalsi (§ 6)
3. Sargon to Hammurabi, 3800-2250
B.C.
Sargon (§1). Naram-Sin (§ 2). Ur-Bau and Gudea (§ 3). Ur-gur and Dungi (§4). Nur-Ramman and Siniddina (§ 5).
4. The Supremacy of Babylon, 2250-
1783 B.C. The Elamites. Kudur-Mabug and
Eri-aku (§ 1). The First Babylonian Dynasty.
Hammurabi (§ 2). The Second Babylonian Dynasty
(§3).
5. The Kasshite Period, 1783-1207
B.C.
Agumkakrime (§ 1). Later Kasshite Kings (§ 2).
6. The Isin and Assyrian Periods,
1207-625 B.C. Nebuchadrezzar I and his Successors (§1).
7. The Kaldu or Chaldean Period,
625-538 B.C. Nabopolassar (§ 1). Nebuchadrezzar II (§ 2). Nabonidus and Belshazzar. The Fall of Babylon (§3). VII. The Religion.
1. Historical Development. Political Factors (§1).
The Philosophical-Priestly Factor
(§2). Decrease in the Number of Deities
(§3). The Earliest Religion Animistic
(§4). Spirits and Demons (§ 5). Magic (§ 6).
2. The Gods. Anu (§ 1). Bel (§ 2). Ea (§ 3).
Solar Deities. Shamash (§ 4). Lunar Deities. Sin (§ 5). Adad or Ramman (§ 6). Ishtar (§ 7). Nergal (§ 8).
Ninib, Girru, and Tammuz (§ 9). Marduk (§ 10). Nebo (§ 11).
3. The Priests and the Epics. Influence of the Priests (§ 1). The Gilgamesh Epic (§ 2). The Adapa Epic (§ 3). Marduk and Chaos (§ 4). Ishtar's Descent into Hades (§ 5).
Babylonia designates the country extending from the head of the Persian Gulf to about 34° north latitude (approximately the latitude of Beirut; c. 75 m. n. of Bagdad) and lying between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates or immediately adjacent to them.
I. The Names. Importance of Babylonia: Babylonia was the Greek name for the country, derived from the name of the capital city Babylon, this last also a Grecized form from the Semitic Bab-ilu, Heb. Bafjel, " Gate of God." By the earliest inhabitants known the whole land was called Edin, " the Plain." In Gen. x, 10 the name given it is Shinar, the derivation of which is in dispute. The most probable origin is from Sungir, a variant reading of Girsu. The g in Sungir represents the Semitic ghayin which could be represented in Hebrew only
by ayin; the word would then be transliterated Sn'r and could be pronounced Shinar. The land was known to the Hebrews also as Ere? Kasdim, " Land of the Kasdim," the second word a variation for Kaldu, Hebraized Kaldim. From this last came the Greek form Chaldea. The Kaldu were the race which controlled the country about 610- 538 b.c. A name used by the early inhabitants now called Sumerians or Akkadians was Kengi- Uri, Semitized by Sargon and others into Sumcru-Akkad, " Sumer and Akkad." Another name, derived from a Kasshite source and appearing in the Amarna Tablets, is Karduniyash.
The reasons for the great interest in Babylonia are twofold, cultural and Biblical. In that country have been revealed the certain traces of the earliest advanced civilization yet discovered as well as that