RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Baptism
difference between the disciples of Christ and men at large. But there is no theory of infant baptism which does not freely introduce the impenitent into the Church, thus wiping out all distinction between the Church and the world. The burden of John's preaching was that the new kingdom was not simply a continuance of the Jewish commonwealth, that though all could be circumcised and introduced into the latter who could say, " We have Abraham to our Father," baptism and membership in the former were given not on parental faith but only on personal repentance. That baptism was given on different grounds from circumcision is seen in the fact that the believing Jews continued to have their infants circumcised (Acts xxi, 20), that Timothy who had been baptized was nevertheless circumcised, and that it was demanded that the Gentile converts be circumcised though they had all been baptized. Norman Fox-j-.
Bibliography: On I: H. Holtzmann, in ZWT, xxii (1879), 401 sqq.; J. H. Scholten, Die Taufformel, Gotha, 1885; E. Haupt, Zum Verstiindniss des Apostolats im N. T., pp. 38 sqq., Halle, 1896; A. C. McGiffert, The Apostolic Age, New York, 1897; P. Althaus, Die Heilsbedeutung der Taufe im N. T., Gutersloh, 1897; F. C. Conybeare, in ZNTW, ii (1901), 275 sqq.; W. Heitmuller, Im Namen Jesu, Gottingen, 1903; idem, Taufe und Abendmahl hex Paulus, ib. 1903; idem, in TSK, lxxviii (1905), 461 sqq.; E. Riggenbach, Die trinitarische Taufbefehl, Matt, xxviii, 19, Gutersloh, 1903; E. von Dobschutz, in TSK, lxxviii (1905), i sqq.; F. M. Rendtorff, Die Taufe im Urchristentum, Leipsic, 1905 (gives the present status of the inquiry); A. Seeberg, Die Taufe im N. T., Lichtenfelde, 1905; DB, i, 238-245; EB, i, 471-476; and the works on N. T. theology by Weiss, Beysehlag, and others.
On II— III, ,1: The history of baptism includes as a section which has created a literature of its own the treatment of baptism in the frescoes, etc., of the catacombs. On this consult: G. B. de Rossi, Roma sotterranea, 2 vols., Rome, 1861-67, reproduced in Eng. by Northcote and Brownlow, London, 1878-80; R. Garrucci, Storia dell' arte cristiana, 6 vols., Prato, 1872-81; Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1876; F. X. Kraus, Realencyklopadie der christlichen Alterthiimer, " Taufe," " Neophyten," Freiburg, 1881-86; T. Roller, Les Catacombes de Rome, 2 vols., Paris, 1881; J. Strzygowski, Ikonographie der Taufe Christi, Munich, 1885; Archaeology of the Mode of Baptism, in Bibliotheca Sacra, 1896, pp. 601-644; A. de Waal, Die Taufe Christi auf constantinischen Gemalden der Katakorhben, in Rbmische Quartalschrift, 1896; J. Wilpert, Die Malereien der Sakramentskapellen, Freiburg, 1903; he Pitture delle catacombe, Rome, 1903.
Further, on the archeology and the history of the rite consult: E. Martene, De antiquis ecclesios ritibus, vol. i, Antwerp, 1736; J. C. W. Augusti, Archaologie der Taufe, in Denkwurdigkeiten, vol. vii, Leipsic, 1825 (valuable, contains bibliography of older works); M. Schneekenburger, Ueber das Alter der judischen Taufe, Berlin, 1828; A. J. Binterim, Denkwilrdigkeiten, i, part 1, ii, part 1, pp. 2-34, 7 vols., Mainz, 1837-41; J. W. Honing, Das Sakrament der Taufe, 2 vols., Erlangen, 1846-48 (has great value, especially on the liturgical side); G. L. Hahn, Die Lehre von den Sakramenten in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung, Breslau, 1864 (learned and useful); F. Probst, Sakramente und Sakramentalien der 3 ersten Jahrhunderte, Tubingen, 1872; S. M. Merrill, Christian Baptism, its Subjects and Modes, Cincinnati, 1876; J. Corblet, Hist. . . du sacrement de bapteme, 2 vols., Paris, 1882; M. Usteri, in TSK, lv (1882), 205 sqq., lvi (1883), 155 sqq., 610 sqq., 730 sqq., lvii (1884), 417 sqq., 456 sqq. (these worthful articles set forth the doctrine of Zwingli, Oecolampadius, the Reformed Church, Calvin, Butzer, and Capito); P. Althaus, Die historischen und dogmatischen Grundlagen der lutherischen Taufliturgie, Hanover, 1893; idem, Die Heilsbedeutung der Taufe im N. T., ib. 1897 (deals also with modern Lutheran orthodox doctrine); G. An- | rich, Das antike Mysterienwesen in seinem Einflusse auf \ das Christentum, Gottingen, 1894; G. Wobbermin, Die ,
Beeinflussung des Christentums durch das antike Mysterienwesen, Berlin, 1896; F. E. Warren, Liturgy and RiZalZf
£L C;frne5/m£\L°nd0n- 1897; A' Raschenbusch Die Entstehung der Kindertaufe im 3. Jahrhundert, Ham-
WL, ' ■ W^gai5d' Die SteUung des ^stolilTen
Symbols xm , Mittelalter, vol. i, Leipsic, 1899; L
iQmv ' °nginea du culte Chretien, pp. 294 sqq., Paris'
Pali 1^04 T° F v£a?T ^^ £mSe V™™' loE? n % ,T-F- .Fojtenngham, m Princeton Review. 1905, O. Scheel, Die dogmatische Behandlung der Tauflehre in der modernen positiven Theologie, Tubingen 1906 (learned and critical); the works on the History o
fc,nC6vme, bywH™\ Seeberg' Lo°fs C4th ed., Halle 1906); also W. Heitmuller, ut sup., I.
On III 2, §§ 1-7: Apostolic Constitutions, vii 39-4<5 (latest ed., F. X. Funk, 2 vols., Paderborn, 1906)- an anonymous form is reproduced in J. A. Assemani, Codex liturgicus ecclesia,, i, 219 sqq., 13 vols., Rome, 1749-66 and in H. J. D. Denzinger, Ritus Orientalium, Coptorum fs^?' Arm?norum, i, 267 sqq., 2 vols., Wiirzburg! 18od-o4; the Apostolic Baptismal Liturgy " of Severus of Antioch (Jacobitic), in Assemani, ii, 261 sqq and in Denzinger, i, 302 sqq.; another ascribed to Severus of Antioch, in Denzinger, i, 309 sqq.; the liturgy of Jacob of Odessa, in Assemani, i, 240 sqq., ii, 226 sqq., iii,152 sqq • a liturgy translated into Syriac from Basil the Great in Assemani, m, 199 sqq., and Denzinger, i, 319 sqq • Cyril of Jerusalem, in MPG, xxxiii, 331 sqq.; and Dionysius the Areopagite, MPG, iii, 393 sqq. For the Greek Orthodox liturgy consult: Assemani, i, 130 sqq., ii, 129 sqq., iii, 226 sqq.; H. A. Daniel, Codex liturgicus, iv, 492 sqq.[ Leipsic, 1854; J. Goar, Euchologion, pp. 274 sqq., 287 sqq ' Venice, 1730; F. C. Conybeare, Rituale Armenorum pp' 399 sqq., Oxford, 1905. For the Nestorians: Assemani.' i,174 sqq., ii, 211 sqq., iii, 136 sqq.; Denzinger, i, 364 sqq.; G. P. Badger, The Nestorians and their Rituals, pp. 195- 212, London, 1852; Liturgia sanctorum apostolorum Adaii et Maris, Urmia, 1890, Eng. transl. in The Liturgy of the Holy Apostles Adai and Mari, London, 1893; G. Diettrich, Die nestorianische Taufliturgie, Giessen, 1903. For the Armenians consult: Conybeare, ut sup., pp. xxxi sqq.; Assemani, i, 168 sqq., ii, 194 sqq., iii, 118 sqq.; Denzinger, i, 384 sqq.; and for another version, Assemani', ii, 202 sqq., iii, 124 sqq.; Denzinger, i, 391 sqq.; and for the Eng. transl., Conybeare, ut sup., pp. 86 sqq. For Egypt and Ethiopia consult: for the Euchologium of Serapion of Thmuis, TV, xvii (1899),' 3b; Brightman in JTS, i (1900), 88 sqq., 247 sqq.; F. X. Funk, Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolorum, ii, 158 sqq., Paderborn, 1905. An Arabic liturgy is in Oriens Christianus, i, 32 sqq., Rome, 1901. The Coptic order is in Assemani, i, 141 sqq., ii, 150 sqq., iii, 82 sqq.; Denzinger, i, 192 sqq. The Ethiopic order is in MPL, cxxxviii, 929 sqq.; Denzinger, i, 222 sqq.; and the Baptismal Book of the same is in Trumpp, in AM A, Philosophisch-philologische Klasse, xiv (1878), 3, pp. 149 sqq.; cf. for another, G. Horner, Statutes of the Apostles, pp. 162 sqq., London, 1904. For the West: Sacramentarium Gelasianum, ed. Wilson, pp. 78 sqq., Oxford, 1894; Sacramentarium Gregorianum, J. Mabillon, Museum Italicum, ii, 26, sqq., 82 sqq.; Rituale Romanum Pauli V., Regensburg, |1881; Daniel, ut sup., i, 171 sqq. For Spain, Isidore of Seville, De offlciis ecclesiasticis, ii, 25; Ildephonsus of Toledo, Adnotationes de cognitione baptismi, MPL, xcvi, 111 sqq. For Milan, Manuale Ambrosianum, ed. Magistretti, i, 143 sqq., ii, 466 sqq., Milan, 1905. The early French ritual is found in the Missale Gothicum, MPL, Ixxii, 274-275; Missale Gallicanum, ib. pp. 367 sqq.; Sacramentarium Gallicanum, ib. pp. 500-501; consult further: M. Gerbert, Vetus liturgica Allemanica, i, 80 sqq., ii, 1 sqq., St. Bias, 1776; A. Franz, Das Rituale von St. Florian, pp. 65 sqq., Freiburg, 1904. For the period of the Reformation, E. Senling, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnunaen des 16. Jahrhunderts, i, 470 sqq., Leipsic, 1902 (for the form of Miinzer); Daniel, ut sup., ii, 185 sqq.; F. Hubert, Die Strassburger liturgischen Ordnungen, pp. 25 sqq., Gottingen, 1900 (for the Strasburg form); and Daniel, ut sup., iii, 112 sqq. (for the Zwinglian form).
On IV, 1-2: W. Wall, Hist, of Infant Baptism, new ed., London, 1862 (an old classic); J. W. Dale, Inquiry into the Meaning and Usage of the Word Baptize, 4 vols., viz.: Usage of Classical Greek Writers, Philadelphia, 1867; Judaic Baptism, Boston, 1873; Johannic Baptism, Philadelphia, 1872; Christie and Patristic Baptism, ib. 1874;
Baptism Baptistines