THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
shoes in supposed obedience to Matt, x, 10, and thenceforth went wholly barefoot. There have been barefooted or discalced members of manyorders,— the Clarenines, Recollects, Capuchins, Poor Clares, Minimites, Augustinians, Camaldolites, Servites, Carmelites, Cistercians (Feuillants), Trinitarians, Passionists, and others. It is usually the stricter divisions of the order who adopt the practise.
BARHAM, RICHARD HARRIS: Church of England; b. at Canterbury Dec. 6, 1788; d. in London June 17, 1845. He studied at Brasenose College, Oxford, took orders in 1813, and in 1817 became curate of Snargate, Kent. In 1821 he removed to London as minor canon of St. Paul's and thenceforth resided in London, where he held different livings and positions. He was esteemed for his exemplary life, and his sound sense and kind heart made him a good counselor and valued friend. His fame rests upon the Ingoldsby Legends, written under the pseudonym " Thomas Ingoldsby " for Bentley's Miscellany and The New Monthly Magazine, collected in book form 1840; a second series was published in 1847 and a third, edited by the author's son, the same year (many later editions). In this work Barham proved the possession of humorous powers of a high order and produced what is perhaps the best collection of rimed mirth in the English tongue; his extraordinary command of language appears also in passages of much lyric beauty; and the satire of theological and church tendencies which have not yet passed away give the work more serious value than that of merely promoting amusement.
Bibliography: Life and Letters of the Rev. R. H. Barham, with a Selection from his Miscellaneous Poems, edited by his son, R. H. D. Barham, 2 vols., London, 1880.
BAR HEBRSUS. See Abulfaraj.
BARING-GOULD, SABINE: Church of England; b. at Exeter Jan. 28, 1834. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge (B.A., 1854), was ordered deacon in 1864, and was ordained priest in the following year. He was then successively curate of Horbury, Yorkshire (1864—66), vicar of Dalton, Yorkshire (1866-71), and rector of East Mersea, Essex (1871-81). He inherited the family estates of Lew-Trenchard in 1872 and since 1881 has been rector of Lew-Trenchard, Devonshire. His numerous works include The Path of the Just (London, 1854); Iceland, its Scenes and Sagas (1862); Post- Mediceval Preachers (1865); Book of Were-Wolves (1865); Curious Myths of the Middle Ages (2 vols., 1866-68); The Origin and Development of Religious Belief (2 vols., 1869-70); The Golden Gate (1870); The Silver Store, Collected from Mediaeval Christian and Jewish Mines (1870); Legendary Lives of Old Testament Characters (2 vols., 1871); One Hundred Sermon Sketches for Extempore Preachers (1871); Village Conferences on the Creed (1873); The Lost and Hostile Gospels (3 vols., 1874); Yorkshire Oddities (1874); Some Modern Difficulties (1875); Village Sermons for a Year (1875); The Mystery of Suffering (1877); Germany, Present and Past (1879); Sermons to Children (1879); The Preacher's Pocket (ls.SU); The Village Pulpit (2 vols., 1881); Church
Songs (1884); The Seven Last Words (1884); The Passion of Jesus (1885); The Nativity (1885); The Resurrection (1888); Our Inheritance, a History of the Holy Eucharist in the First Three Centuries (1888); Historic Oddities and Strange Events (2 vols., 1889-91); Old Country Life (1889); In Troubadours' Land (1890); Conscience and Sin (1890); History of the Church in Germany (1891); Songs of the West (1891); The Tragedy of the Ccesars (2 vols., 1892); Curious Survivals (1892); The Deserts of Southern France (2 vols., 1894); A Garland of Country Song (1894); Old Fairy Tales Retold (1894); Old English Fairy Tales (1895); Napoleon Bonaparte (1896); A Study of St. Paul (1897); The Sunday Round (1898); Book of the West (2 vols., 1899); Book of Dartmoor (1900); Virgin Saints and Martyrs (1900); Brittany (1902); Book of North Wales (1903); Book of Ghosts (1904); Book of South Wales (1905); Book of the Riviera (1905); and Memorial of Horatio, Lord Nelson (1905). He has likewise written a number of novels, and edited the Lives of the Saints (17 vols., London, 1872-77).
BAR KOK'BA : The name traditionally assigned to the leader of the great insurrection of the Jews in Palestine against the Romans under the emperor Hadrian in the years 132-135 (see Israel). The Roman historians Spartian and Dio Cassius, however, give no name and do not even speak of one single prominent leader; nor does the name occur on the coins struck during the revolt, or, according to Derenbourg (p. 423), in the rabbinical authorities. It rests on Christian tradition beginning with Justin Martyr, an author likely to be well informed. In his larger " Apology " (xxxi) he speaks of the leader of the rising as Barchochebas, saying that he inflicted severe penalties on the Christians (regarded as apostate Jews). Eusebius (Hist, eccl., TV, viii, 4) reproduces this passage, with the variant spelling Barchochebas, and confirms it in IV, vi, 2, where he says that the leader won his authority over the ignorant by basing on his name (meaning " star " or " son of a star ") the claim to have been sent directly by God as a light to the oppressed. Beyond this Eusebius appears to know nothing of him except that in the last decisive battle, at the present Bittir (7 m. by rail s.w. of Jerusalem), in the eighteenth year of Hadrian (134-135), he suffered the penalty of his deeds.
That the Jews had a native leader in this rising is clearly proved by the coins, both those which are adapted to Jewish use from coins of Vespasian and Trajan, and must thus belong to this period, and those which on account of similarity of treatment are evidently of the same date (cf. F. W Madden, History of Jewish Coinage, London, 1864, 203 sqq., and Coins of the Jews, 1881). The inscriptions of these give on the reverse sometimes " in [the year of] the freedom of Israel " alone, sometimes the same with the number 2 for the year, or " year 1 of the deliverance of Israel "; on the obverse sometimes " Eleazar the priest " (who must not be confounded with the uncle of Bar Kokba, the scribe Eleazar), sometimes " Jerusalem," claiming the right of coinage for the city, and sometimes " Simeon, prince of Israel." That