RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Baum Baur
docent at the University of Berlin, and in the same year was called to Jena as associate professor of practical theology, where he remained until 1894, when he went to Kiel as full professor of the same subject. He is also university preacher and chaplain of the academic sanitarium at the same institution of learning. He has written: Volksschule und Kirche (Leipsic, 1890); Der Seelsorger unserer Tage (1891); Predigten aus der Gegenwart (Tubingen (1902); Neue Bahnen : Der Religions-Unterricht vom Standpunkte der modernen Theologie aus (1903); Predigt-Probleme, Hauptfragen der modernen Evangeliums-Verkiindigungen (1903); and Die Voraussetzungslosigkeit der protestantischen Theologie (Kiel, 1903).
BAUMGARTEN, SIEGMUND JAKOB: German theologian; b. at Wollmirstadt (8 m. n. of Magdeburg), Saxony, Mar. 14, 1706; d. at Halle July 4, 1757 He studied at the Halle Orphan Asylum, of which his father had been first inspector, and at the University of Halle. He became inspector of the Halle Latin School in 1726, assistant preacher to the younger G. A. Franke in 1728, associate on the theological faculty in 1730, and ordinary professor in 1743. He was a good teacher and his lectures were usually attended by from 300 to 400 hearers. His learning was vast and he was an industrious writer, publishing voluminous works on exegesis, hermeneutics, morals, dogmatics, and history, such as Auszug der Kirchengeschichte (4 vols., Halle, 1743-62); Evangelische Glaubenslehre (3 vols., 1759-60); Geschichte der Religionsparteien (1760); Nachricht von merkwurdigen Buchern (12 vols., 1752-57); and the first sixteen volumes in the Allgemeine Welthistorie (1744 sqq.). By adopting the formal scheme of the philosophy of Wolff and applying it to the theological ideas in which he was educated, Baumgarten came to form a transition from the Pietism of Spener and Francke to the modern rationalism. His enthusiastic disciple, J. S. Semler, who was called from Altdorf to Halle on his recommendation, edited many of his works and wrote his biography (Halle, 1758).
(F Bosse.)
BAUMGARTEN-CRUSIUS, LUDWIG FRIED- RICH OTTO: German theologian; b. at Merseburg (56 m. s.s.e. of Magdeburg), Prussian Saxony, July 31, 1788; d. at Jena May 31, 1843. He studied theology and philology at Leipsic and became university preacher there in 1810; in 1812 extraordinary professor of theology at Jena, ordinary professor, 1817. He gave lectures on all branches of so-called theoretic theology except church history, especially New Testament exegesis, Biblical theology, dogmatics, ethics, and history of doctrine. Gentle and sympathetic, and shrinking from theological strife, he was misunderstood in his time. His exegesis was painstaking, free from prejudice, and acute; as historian of dogma he understood the origin and development of religious ideas and doctrines as few others have done; and as systematic theologian he was profound and truly evangelical. His principal works were: Einleitung in das Studium der Dogmatik (Leipsic, 1820); Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte (Jena, 1832);
Compendium der christlichen Dogmengeschichte (Leipsic, 1840), completed by K. A. Hase (1846); Theologische Auslegung der johanneischen Schriften (2 vols., Jena, 1843-45). (F. Bosse.)
Bibliography: H. C. A. Eichstadt, Memoria L. F. O. Baumgartenii-Crussii, Jena, 1843; K. A. Hase's preface to his completion of the Kompendium der Dogmengeschichte, Leipsic, 1846; ADB, ii, 161 sqq.
BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN. AND THE LATER TUBINGEN SCHOOL.
I. The Period of the History of Dogma. Baur's Early Life and Activity (§1). Baur's Relation to Schleiermacher and Hegel (§ 2). II. The Period of Biblical Criticism.
Historico-Critical Study of the New Testament (§1). Applied to the Writings of Paul (§ 2). The Fundamental Assumption of the School (§3). Applied to the Gospels (§ 4). Developed by Schwegler (§ 5). III. The Period of Church History. Political Complications (§1). Baur's Works on Church History (§ 2). His Theories and Conclusions (§ 3). Their Weakness and Decline (§ 4).
The treatment of both Ferdinand Christian Baur and the Later Tubingen School in the same article is justified by the fact that the period of distinctive theological and philosophical views which characterized the school in its palmy days really ceased with the death of its founder, or at least lost the former local identification. Considering the Tubingen School in this strictly limited sense, its history, together with that of Baur himself, may be divided into three periods — that of preparation, or of the history of dogma, before 1835; that of prosperity, or of Biblical criticism, 1835- 1848; and that of disintegration, or of church history, after the latter date.
I. The Period of the History of Dogma: Baur was born at Schmiden, near Cannstatt (4 m. n.e. of Stuttgart), June 21, 1792; he died at Tubingen Dec. 2, 1860. He was the son of a Wurttemberg pastor and was educated first at Blaubeuren and then (1809-14) at Tubingen. Here, besides following the usual thorough course in philology, he was strongly attracted by the study of philosophy. Fichte and Schelling were then at the height of their influence; but that it did not draw the young student away from the standpoint of the older Tubingen School (q.v.), in which he had been brought up, may be seen from his first published writing, a review of Kaiser's Biblische Theologie in 1817, which condemned rationalistic
i. Baur's caprice in the treatment of the Early Life Old Testament. After a short em-
and Ac- ployment as tutor in the Tubingen tivity. seminary during the same year, he was named professor in the lower seminary which had grown out of his old school at Blaubeuren. The nine years of his stay here were active and happy ones. Though his work was mainly philological and historical, he showed his interest in the philosophical and theological movements of the time. The doctrines of Schleiermacher received his attention, and found an echo in his three-volume work Symbolik und Mythologie (Stuttgart, 1824-25). In this book, remarkable for its time, he indicated his future course in the phrase,
Baur