RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bernard of Clairvaus: Bernard. Claude
cess over the school at Constance, which he left to teach at Hildesheim. During his residence here he was asked by his teacher Adalbert and his pupil Bernold (q.v.) to write on the questions raised by the Roman synod of 1076, and answered in a lengthy treatise against the opponents of Gregory VII. His standpoint comes out even more clearly in his Liber canonum contra Henricum IV, which on its first publication (M. Sdralek, Die Streitschriften Altmanns von Passau und Wezilos von Mainz, Paderborn, 1890) was erroneously ascribed to Bishop Altmann of Passau. It was written after the Synod of Quedlinburg at Easter, 1085, when the Gregorian party was in great difficulties, and is an uncompromising declaration of fidelity to the papal cause. Bernard was, in short, as his pupil Bernold describes him, not only " a most learned man " but also " most fervent in the cause of St. Peter." Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: The two works mentioned above have been edited by F. Thaner in MGH, Lib. de lite, ii (1892), 29- 47, and i (1891), 472-516 respectively. Consult C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII, Leipsic, 1894; F. Thaner, Zu zwei Streitschriften des 11. Jahrhunderts, in Neues Archiv fur alteredeutscheGeschichte,xvi (1889), 529- 540; Hauck, KD, vol. iii.
BERNARD OF MENTHON: Founder of the hospices on the Great and Little St. Bernard. Little is known of his life, as modern criticism has hardly touched it, and the older biographies are untrustworthy and legendary. According to them he was born at Menthon, near Annecy (25 m. s. of Geneva), Savoy, in 923, and studied the liberal arts, law, and theology. To avoid a marriage planned by his parents, he fled to Aosta, where he was ordained and later became archdeacon. In addition to the most faithful performance of his priestly duties, he founded the two hospices and placed them in charge of canons regular, finally dying at No vara in 1007. A sequence preserved in the Acta Sanctorum, and dating probably from the end of the eleventh or beginning of the twelfth century, speaks of a meeting between him and Henry IV, which may possibly have occurred. It is known that in the ninth century there was a hospice under clerical auspices on the Mons Jovis, the present Great St. Bernard, which may later have fallen into decay. First in 1125, and often after that date, we find mention of the church of St. Nicholas on the Mons Jovis; in 1145 of the hospitale, which in 1177 is called domus hospitalis SS. Nicolai et Bernardi Montis Jovis. It is thus not improbable that Bernard restored the older foundation; but it is more likely that this took place at the beginning of the twelfth than at the end of the eleventh century. The date of 1081 for Bernard's death is no better attested than that of 1007. Innocent XI canonized him in 1681. The larger hospice, on which till 1752 the smaller depended, was reformed during the Council of Basel, receiving a very original constitution in 1438. Napoleon, pleased by his reception there, placed the hospice founded by him on the Simplon pass under the care of the same community, and endowed the foundation, which had lost a great part of the rich possessions formerly held by it in fourteen dioceses.
It is now supported by voluntary offerings from all the Swiss cantons. A statue of Bernard was erected near the hospice in 1905. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The old lives are in ASB, 15 June, ii, 1071- 1089; Alban Butler, Lives of the Fathers, June 15, 2 vols., London, 1857-60; an old text Le Mystere de St. Bernard de Menthon was published by A. L. de la Marche, Paris, 1889. Consult L. Burgener, Der heilige Bernhard von Menthon, Lucerne, 1870; Memoires et documents publies par la societe d'histoire de la Suisse, vol. xxix, Lausanne, 1875; A. Lvitolf, Ueber das wahre Zeitalter des heiligen Bernard von Menthon (996-1081), in TQ, lxi (1879), 179- 207; J. A. Due, in Miscellanea di storia Italiana, xxxi, 343-388, Turin, 1894; Wattenbach, DGQ, ii (1886), 214,. ii (1894), 241.
BERNARD OF MORLAIX. See Bernard of Cltjny.
BERNARD OF TOLEDO: Archbishop of Toledo 1086-1125; b. at Agen (73 m. s.e. of Bordeaux), France, c. 1050; d. in Spain 1125. His significance in the history of Spain lies in the fact that from him dates the emergence of the Spanish Church from its isolation and its dependence on Rome. He became a monk in the monastery of Cluny, whence he was sent to Spain with others; to assist the cause of the reforms of Gregory VII. Here he was made (1080) abbot of St. Facundusat Sahagun in the diocese of Leon, and finally named by Alfonso VI for the archbishopric of Toledo. Gregory's plans for Spain included (besides a general crusade against clerical marriage, simony, and lay investiture) the substitution of the Roman liturgy for the Mozarabic and the recognition of the obligations of tribute from the Spanish Church. The former point had been practically gained before his death, in spite of strenuous opposition. Urban II, by raising Bernard's see to primatial dignity, gave him the power necessary to prosecute the work of Romanizing. His cooperation made possible Urban's intervention at the Synod of Leon (1091) and ignoring of the royal right of investiture when Alfonso attempted toappoint a Spaniard to the see of St. Jago, apparently in order to counterbalance the influence of the French Benedictines with whom the primate was filling the episcopal sees. His career was throughout that of a devoted adherent of the papacy. Some reminiscences of his youthful days as a knight appear in his forcible seizure of the Mohammedan mosque at Toledo in his first year as archbishop and in his plans for a crusade against the Saracens: of the East, which both Urban II and Paschal II forbade, in view of the tasks which Spanish Christian chivalry had at home. Four of his sermons, on the Salve Regina, are included among those of the great Bernard. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: J. Asehbach, Geschichte Spaniens und Portugal zur Zeit der Herrschaft der Almoraviden und Ahnohaden, i, 129 sqq., 339, 358 sqq., Frankfort, 1833; Hittoria Compostellana: Esparia sagrada, ed. H. Florez, xx, 1-598, 615, Madrid, 1791; A. F. Gfrbrer, Papst Gregoriuv VII und sein Zeitalter, iv, 484, 500-501, Schaffhausen, 1854; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, v, 200, 251, 326-327; idem, DerKardinal Ximenes, pp. 150 aqq., Arnheim, 1853.
BERNARD, CLAUDE : Called the "poor priest " and " Father Bernard "; b. in Dijon Dec. 23, 1588; d. at Paris Mar. 23, 1641. He was the son of a jurist, studied law himself, and for a time led a life
Bernard Berquin