RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bishop Blackwood
with its subdivision of archdeaconry or deanery. The erection or redistribution of dioceses was from the fourth century a function of the metropolitan and the provincial synod; in Germany from the eighth century it was carried out under papal supervision. From the eleventh century it has been reserved to the pope; but in Germany the joint action of the state has been required, the matter being considered a causa mixta.
(E. Friedberg.)
Bibliography: L. Thomassin, Vetus et nova ecclesice discipline!,, part I, book iii, Lucca, 1728; R. Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, book viii, chap. 8, best ed., by Keble, 3 vols., Oxford, 1845; H. Milman, History of Christianity, book iv, London, 1867; W. T. Arnold, Roman System of Provincial Administration, London, 1879; Bingham, Origines, Books iv-v, ix; KL, ii, 878-888.
BISHOPS' BOOK, THE: A work published at London in 1537, compiled by a commission of 'English bishops and clergymen, of which the full 'title is The Institution of a Christian Man, containing the exposition or interpretation of the common creed, of the seven sacraments, of the x commandments and of the pater noster, and of the ave maria, justification, and purgatory. It reflects the conditions of the time in maintaining that the authority of the pope is a human institution, while not denying that the Church of Rome is a part of the Church Universal. It is reprinted in Formularies of Faith Put Forth by Authority during the Reign of Henry VIII, edited by C. Lloyd, bishop of Oxford (Oxford, 1825). Consult C. Hardwick, A History of the Christian Church during the Reformation (6th ed., London, 1877).
BISSELL, EDWIN CONE: American Congregationalist; b. at Schoharie, N. Y., Mar. 2, 1832; d. at Chicago Apr. 10, 1894. He was graduated at Amherst 1855, and at Union Theological Seminary, New York, 1859; was pastor of Congregational churches at Westhampton, Mass., 1859-64, San Francisco, 1864-69, Winchester, Mass., 1871-73; missionary of the American Board in Austria 1874-79; became Nettleton professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis in the Hartford Theological Seminary 1881, and of Old Testament exegesis and literature in McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, 1892. During his pastorate at Westhampton he raised a company of the fiftysecond regiment, Massachusetts volunteers, and served as its captain under Gen. Banks at Port Hudson 1862-63. In 1869-70 he supplied the pulpit of the Congregational Church at Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. He published The Historic Origin of the Bible (New York, 1873); The Apocrypha of the Old Testament (a revised translation, introduction, and notes, vol. xv of the American Lange series, 1880); The Pentateuch, its origin and structure (1885); Biblical Antiquities (Philadelphia, 1888); A Practical Introductory Hebrew Grammar (Hartford, 1891); Genesis Printed in Colors, showing the original sources from which it is supposed to have been compiled, with introduction (1892).
BITHYNIA. See Asia Minor in the Apostolic Time, VI.
BIZOCHI. See Fraticelli.
BJORLING, biur'ling, CARL OLOF: Swedish theologian; b. at Westerns (60 m. w.n.w. of Stockholm), Sweden, Sept. 16, 1804; d. there Jan. 20, 1884. He studied at the University of Upsala; became bishop of Westerns, 1866, having long been connected as teacher and rector with the Gene gymnasium. He was the author of several learned works, including a treatise on Christian dogmatics (2 parts, 1847-75), which attracted considerable attention in Germany, and shows his firm adherence to the Augsburg Confession.
BLACK FATHERS. See Holy Ghost, Orders and Congregations of the, II, 6.
BLACK FRIARS: A name given in England to Dominican monks because of the color of their dress.
BLACK, HUGH: Scotch Presbyterian; b. at Rothesay (40 m. w of Glasgow), Buteshire, Mar.. 26, 1868. He was graduated from Glasgow University in 1887 and the Free Church College, Glasgow, in 1891, and was ordained to the Presbyterian, ministry in the latter year. He was pastor of Sherwood Church, Paisley, 1891-96, and became associate pastor of St. George's Free Church, Edinburgh, 1896. He lectured on homiletics at Union Theological Seminary, New York, in 1905, and in 1906 became professor of practical theology in that institution. He has written The Dream of Youth (London, 1894); Friendship (1897); Culture and Restraint (1901); Work (1903); The Practice of Self-Culture (1904); and Comfort (1906).
BLACK JEWS. See Church of God, 2.
BLACK RUBRIC: The popular name for the declaration enjoining kneeling at the end of the order for the administration of the Lord's Supper in the prayer-book of the Church of England, so called. because it was printed in black letter in the prayerbook as revised by William Sancroft (q.v.) in 1661. It is not, strictly speaking, a rubric at all as it is intended for the direction of the people and not for the officiating clergy. Nor did Sancroft originate it, as it dates back to the second prayer-book of Edward VI (1552), whose council ordered that the communicants should receive the elements kneeling, and explained in the " rubric " that this attitude was not used to express belief in transubstantiation. The " rubric " was omitted in the Elizabethan prayer-book of 1559, and this omission was one of the cherished grievances of the Puritans. In the Savoy Conference of 1661 the Presbyterians demanded its restoration, but the bishops were not at the time inclined to grant it; at the last moment, however, it was replaced and so it appears in the revised prayer-book of Charles II and is still retained in the English prayer-book. It was removed from the prayer-book as revised for the American Episcopal Church in 1789.
BLACKWOOD, WILLIAM: Presbyterian; b. at Dromara, County Down, Ireland, June 1, 1804; d. in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 13, 1893. He was graduated at the Royal College, Belfast, 1832; became pastor successively of the Presbyterian churches of Holywood, near Belfast, 1835; oi
Blaikie Blasphemy