THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
b. in London Apr. 5. 1671; d. there June 3, 1732. He studied at several schools kept by ejected ministers in England, and at the University of Utrecht, 16SS-89; then spent nine months at Oxford; became assistant to Matthew Sylvester at Blackfriars, London, 1692; was ordained 1694; in 1703 settled as pastor of a church in Westminster, London. He was a man of winning manners and much tact, and succeeded in accomplishing his purposes without making enemies. His publications were numerous, for the most part sermons; those which have permanent value are his historical works on English non- conformity. He edited Baxter's Xarrative {Reliquiae Baxterianoc) and supplied an index and table of contents (1696); six years later he published an abridgment of the same work, adding a history of ministers ejected for non-conformity down to the close of Baxter's life in 1691. The publication provoked much criticism, to which Calamy replied in a second edition (2 vols., 1713) bringing the history down to 1711; and in 1727 he published a continuation of the work in two volumes. Calamy's four volumes were condensed into two by Samuel Palmer, with the title The Non-Conformist's Memorial (1775), and a three-volume edition was issued in 1803. He left an autobiography, An Historical Account of my Own Life, with some reflections on the times I have lived in, edited by John Towill Rutt (2 vols., London, 1829). Calamy was well qualified by his moderation and catholicity to be the fair-minded historian of non-conformity.
Bibliography: Besides the autobiography mentioned above, consult: Biographia Britannica, ed. A. Kippis, iii. 140, London, 1784; DNB, viii. 231-235 (quite in detail).
CALAS, ca"la', JEAN. See Rabaut, Paul.
CALASANZE, JOSE. See Piarists.
CALATRAVA, ORDER OF: A knightly order, founded about the middle of the twelfth century, to defend the frontiers of Christian Spain against the Moors. The fortress of Calatrava (on the Guadiana, 65 m. s.e. of Toledo), on the borders of Andalusia, commanded the passes into Castile and was hotly contested. After being bravely held for several years by a company of monks and knights under the lead of a Cistercian monk and former soldier, Velasquez, and the abbot Raymond of Fitero, it was presented to the band by Sancho III., king of Castile, in 1158. The general chapter of the Cistercians gave the order a rule under the oversight of the monastery of Morimund, and prescribed as dress a white scapulary (or white cloak; with a garland of red lilies. The rule was confirmed by Pope Alexander III. in 1164. The knights of the order captured Cordova in 1177 and performed other noteworthy deeds of arms. After 1195 a long period of decline began. Calatrava was lost and the seat of the order was transferred to Salvatierra (Mons Salutis) in the Sierra Morena. In 1212 Calatrava was again occupied, but was abandoned for New Calatrava, eight miles farther south, in 1218, the Order of Alcantara (q.v.) undertaking the defense of Calatrava. Toward the end of the Middle Ages the grand master possessed such wealth and power that he became an object
of suspicion to the crown. At the instigation of Ferdinand and Isabella, Pope Innocent VIII. in 1486 deprived the order of the right of choosing its master, and after 1523 the office was united with the crown. Since 1808 the order has been merely one of merit. Nuns of Calatrava were instituted by the grand master Gonzalez Yanes in 1219 at the time of the removal to New Calatrava. They had their convent at Barrios near Amaya, later at Burgos, but never attained to importance. (O. ZooKXERf.)
Bibliography: Helyot, Ordres monastiques, vi. 34-53, 66 sqq.; W. H. Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, i. 308-309, Philadelphia, 1S73; P. B. Gams, Kirchengeschichte Spaniens, iii. 54, Regensburg, 1879; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 226-227; Currier, Religious Orders, p. 216.
CALDECOTT, ALFRED: Church of England; b. at Chester Nov. 9, 1850. He was educated at the University of London (B.A., 1873) and at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1879), and was ordered deacon in 1880, and ordained priest two years later. He was curate of Christ Church, Stafford, in 1880, fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1880-86, and fellow and dean of the same college in 1889-95, in addition to being curate of St. Paul's, Cambridge, in 1881-82, vicar of Horningsey, Cambridgeshire, in 1882-84, and principal of Codrington College, Barbados, and examining chaplain to the bishop of Barbados in 1884-86. He was organizing secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at Cambridge in 1889- 1905, and was rector of North cum South Lophan, Norfolk, in 1895-98. Since the latter year he has been rector of Frating cum Thorington, Essex, and has also been examining chaplain to the bishop of St. Albans since 1903. He was examiner in Moral Science Tripos in Cambridge in 1884, 1888-89, and 1893-94, and was select preacher in the same university in 1884, 1890-91, and 1894, while in 1891- 1892 he was junior proctor. In addition to his duties as Sector, he has been professor of moral and mental philosophy in King's College, London, since 1891, and examiner in theology in the University of London since 1902, as well as Cambridge Extension Lecturer in 1880-82 and 1886-87 He has likewise been senior secretary of St. Jolin's Cambridge Mission in South London in 1883-86 and 1889-95, vice-president of the Cambridge Ethical Society in 1890-1905, governor of Colchester Grammar School in 1900-05. a member of the committee of the Christian Evidence Society since 1903, and a member of the Senate of the University of London since 1904. In 1906 he was elected a fellow of King's College, London. He has written : English Colonisation and Empire (London, 1891); The Church in the West Indies (1898); and The Philosophy of Religion in England and America (1901).
CALDERWOOD, DAVID: The historian of the Church of Scotland; b. probably at Dalkeith (7 m. s.e. of Edinburgh) 1575; d. at Jedburgh (40 in. s.e of Edinburgh) Oct. 29, 1650. He studied at Edinburgh, and in 1604 was ordained minister of Crailing, near Jedburgh. He was a determined opponent of the scheme of King James to introduce prelacy into the Church of Scotland; in 1617 he