THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
may be mentioned the enlarged German edition of the Heidelberg Catechism by Franz (Vienna, 1858), and the Bohemian by Von Tardy (Prague, 1S67), and by Vesely (1SS5). In Hungary and Transylvania the same conditions exist as in Austria.
In the Baltic provinces of Russia an Esthonian translation of the Smaller Catechism seems to have appeared as early as in 1553. In 1586 a Lettish translation by J. Rivius was printed at Konigsberg. It was revised in 1689 by E. Gluck and used a long time among the Lettish congregations of Livonia. Another by H. Adolphi appeared in 10. Slavic 16S5 and found a large circulation in Countries. Courland. In accordance with a resolution of the Synod of Livonia and Courland in 1898, a new Lettish standard text has been established (Riga, 1898), which has supplanted all earlier translations. An Esthonian exposition of the Smaller Catechism was introduced in Esthonia in 1673 as the official catechism, and used almost exclusively until 1866. The catechism of Martin Korber (1864), modeled after the official catechism of Neustrelitz, has found a considerable circulation. The Germans in the Baltic provinces also produced numerous interpretations of their own; Jodocus Hoist, Einfdltige Auslegung des Kleinen Katechismus Luthers (Riga, 1596); Immanuel von Essen, Christliche Katechismusiibung (1781); Werbatus, Dr Martin Luthers Kleiner Katechismus (1895); and many others. For the Lutheran congregations of Poland there has been recently approved Maly Katechizm Doktora Marcina Lutra (Lublin, 1900). It is an exposition of the Smaller Catechism by Alexander Schonaich, preacher at Lublin. An official text of the Smaller Catechism has been published for the Russian-speaking Lutherans (St. Petersburg, 1865).
The first catechetical writings in Sweden were a working-over of Luther's Betbuchlein, a translation of the revision of the Kinderfragen of the Bohemian Brethren published at Magdeburg in 1524, and a translation of the HandbiXchlein fur junge Christen by Johann Toltz. The Smaller Catechism was translated by Laurentius Petri into Swedish perhaps as early as 1548; the oldest extant copy dates from 1572. In 1595 the Smaller Catechism v.- as officially introduced, 11. Scandi- but came into general use only after
naviaa the Church Order of 1686. An official Countries, translation of Luther's Larger Catechism dates from 1746. The exposition of the Smaller by Olaf Swebelius, which had been in use for some time, was revised in 1811 by Archbishop J. Axel Lindblom and introduced as an official catechism. In 1843 a new revision appeared, but in 1878 the Doktor Marten Luthers Lilla Katekes med kort utrccliing, stailfdst aj konungen den ll.Oktobcr 1878 took its place and is still used. In 1 532 the Smaller Catechism was translated into Danish by Jorgen Jensen Sadolin. In 1537 there appeared almost simultaneously two further translations, Den lille danske Catechismus by Franz Wormodson and Luthers lille Katekismus by Petrus Palladius. The latter was republished in 1538 as Enchiridion sire Manuals ut vacant and officially recognized. H. P Petersen edited the Latin text
of the Smaller Catechism side by side with a Danish translation for the use of schools (1608). In 1627 he used the Danish text for a manual destined for popular instruction. The text deviates frequently from the original, and these variants have crept into other compilations modeled after it. It retained its authority in Denmark until 1813, in Norway until 1843. The standard work for Norway is at present Dr. M. Luthers Lille Katekismus (9th ed., Christiania, 1897), and for Denmark C. F Balslev's Luthers Katekismus meden kort Forklaring (Copenhagen, 1899).
In the Dutch Reformed Church absolute freedom exists in the choice of guides to be used in „ religious instruction. Besides the Gel'and " neva and Heidelberg catechisms, Abraham Hellenbroek's Vorbeeld der goddelyke Waarheden has been used.
The Established Church of England uses to-day the catechism from the Book of Common Prayer, with but slight changes from the original form of 1552. An exposition of it by John Palmer (London, 1894) shows the text of the original catechism in prominent type and provides each individual paragraph with an introduction. The Congregationalists have also adopted the catechism of the Established Church, but besides this they use a manual by Samuel Palmer, A Catechism for Protestant Dissenters (London, 1772, 29th ed., land " 1^90), which contains a brief history of non-conformity and treats of the reasons for it. In the Sunday-schools the Congregationalists use a catechism by J. Hilton Stowell revised by A. M. Fairbairn (1892). The Presbyterian Church of England and the Church of Scotland have accepted the Westminster Catechism as the basis of their instruction. It is divided into the doctrines we are to believe and the duties we are to perform (The Moral Law; Faith and Repentance; Sacraments; Prayer). The form of religious instruction chiefly cultivated in England is the Sunday-school, for which the Sunday-school Union furnishes manuals. Dr. Watt's first and second catechisms have also found a large circulation; the former contains a short survey of the doctrines of Christian salvation and especially a catechism on Scriptural names, the latter an interpretation of the decalogue and information on the sacraments and prayers. Before the catechism of the Book of Common Prayer appeared, Luther's Smaller Catechism was used for several years in England ; at the instance of Cranmer the Nuremberg Kinder predigten which interpret it was in 1548 translated into English under the title A Short Introduction into the Christian Religion.
In the French Reformed Church Calvin's catechism of 1542 was at one time almost universally used, later with Osterwald's smaller catechism, but has now been superseded by Bonnefon's Nouveau catechisme t'icmentaire (14th 14. France, ed., Alais, 1900) and Decoppet's Catechisme populaire (Paris). Less popularare Babut's Cours de religion chn'tienne (6th ed., 1897) and Nyegaard's Catechisme a I'usage des figlises evangdiuues (13th ed., 1900). The Free Church uses the same catechisms. In the " Eglise-