THE NEW
SOHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MAOAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(^Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
(pLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
{Department of Systematic Theology)
IHENRY KIM CARIIOLL, LL.D.
{Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
{Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
{Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
{Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
{Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
Complete in Zmlvc IDolumes
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE NEW
iiBCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MAOAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor -in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(^Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
{Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
{Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
{Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
{Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
{Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
{Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
VOLUME III CHAMIEB. DRACHDQ&F
FUNK ANH WAGNAUUS COM^VNY NEW Y(>a:i^OAW
COPYKIGHT, 1909, BY
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
[Printed in the United States of AmeriM] Puhllslwd May, 1909
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
Iditor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on " The New Inter- New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer national Encyclopedia," New York. on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME III
ILARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
{Department of Systematic Theologu.) Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(.Department of Minor Denominations.) ormerly a Corresponding Secrntiiry of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies ami Ileliginm^ (Ji'dcrs.) President of St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the Neiv TcKtamciit.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(DeiHirtment of Church Historii-) Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Tex.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Di'ijartment of Pronunciation, and Typixjraiilii/.) Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc.. New York City.
CONTKIBUTOES AND COLLABOEATORS, VOLUME III
JUSTIN EDWARDS ABBOTT, D.D.,
Missionary in Bombay, India.
HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Halle.
RUDOLF ANSTEIN (f),
Late Pastor in Basel.
FRANKLIN CARL ARNOLD, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Breslau.
WILHELM BAUR (f), Th.D.,
Late General Superintendent in Bonn.
GEORGE JAMES BAYLES, Ph.D.,
Writer on Civil and Ecclesiastical Law.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
'rofessor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, Univei sity of Konigsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BEN- ZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,
Pastor of St. Michael's, Hambur g.
BERNHARD BESS, Th.Lic,
Librarian, University of Halle.
RUDOLPH MICHAEL BINDER, Ph.D.,
Lecturer in Sociology, New York University.
EMIL BLOESCH (f), Th.D.,
Late Professor of Theology, Bern.
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE BONET-^MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Church History, ludependent School of Divinity, Paris.
GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University ot Gottingeu.
vi
COXTHIBUTOUS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME III
FRIEDRICH BOSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
Assi>tant Librarian, I'liivcisity Librni'.v, Murburg.
GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,
lU-tired Pastor, stuliyurt.
PERCY HOLMES BOYNTON,
Secri'tary of Iii^truL'tiun iu the ( hautauqiui Institution, Cbautauqua, N. Y.