THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
comprising the valleys of the Prion and the Achen with their tributaries. The see was suppressed in 1807, in the process of reorganization of the Bavarian Church. (A. Hauck.) Bibliography: J. E. von Koch-Sternfeld, Beytrage zur teutschen Lander- . . . und Staaten-Kunde, ii. 269-314, 3 vols., :\Iuiiich, 1S25-33; Rettberg, KD, ii. 243; Hauck, KD, ii. 432, iv. 655, 924; KL, iii. 134-137.
CHILDREN'S BIBLES. See Bibles for Children.
CHILDREN'S COMMUNION. See Lord's Supper, V
CHILDREN'S DAY, CHILDREN'S SERVICES.
See Sunday-schools and Children's Services.
CHILE: A republic of South America, bounded on the north by Peru, on the east by Bolivia and Argentina, on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; area, 307,620 square miles; population, 2,712,150 by census of 1895, estimated in 1903 at 3,205,992. The Indians number about 50,000.
The predominant religion is Roman Catholic. An active missionary propaganda, in which Franciscans and Jesuits were especially zealous, began immediately after the Spanish conquest under Valdivia in 1539-41, from the town of Santiago (founded 1541) as a base. The heroic resistance of the Araucanians, the ruling native people, prevented extensive results till late in the seventeenth century. The period of separation from Spain began in 1810 and ended in 1827, when the Spanish garrisons were finally withdraw^n. The present ecclesiastical organization includes the archdiocese of Santiago of Chile (founded 1561, raised to archiepiscopal rank in 1840) and the dioceses of Concepcion (1563), Ancud (1840), and La Serena (1840). The vicariates apostolic of Antofagasta (for Chile and Bolivia) and Tarapaca (for Chile and Peru), and the prefecture of Araucania have been established in recent years. There is an apostolic delegate and envoy extraordinary.
The Roman Catholic religion is legally recognized as " protected " (protetta) by the State, and the Church receives an annual subsidy of about one million pesos. Freedom of religious confession, however, is granted. Plans of the curia concerning the relations between the Church and non-Catholics and educational affairs led to a difference with the government in 1883; nevertheless President Balmaceda maintained the provisions respecting complete tolerance of Protestant worship, and state promotion of higher instruction. One consequence was the founding of a Catholic University at Santiago in 1889; beside which the State University (founded by the Jesuits, 1743) with five faculties is still active.
Primary instruction is not uniform, and school attendance is not compulsory; private, parochial, and public schools exist side by side for both white children and Indians; approximately 1,960 schools are maintained by public funds as against somewhat over 500 by other arrangements. The State also provides for several normal schools. There is evidence of a noteworthy expansion of secondary schools for boys and girls, and the management and equipment are good; a state jioda-
gogical institute for this branch of education is in operation at Santiago. Higher education is served, apart from the university, by an Academy of Art, a Conservatory, and an Institute for Agriculture and Mining.
Immigration has given rise to a number of considerable congregations of the Anglican Church and of the Presbyterian confession, and a German Evangelical Church " of the country." The former are found especially in Valparaiso, Santiago, Concepcion, Iquique. The fourteen German Evangelical congregations are not yet completely coordinated by synodical union, but they have everywhere an assuring support in the way of German schools, even though most of these are not strictly associated with the Church. The German total is estimated at 12,000; that of English-speaking Protestants at 7,000.
WiLHELM GOETZ. Bibliography: Mrs. M. R. Wright, Republic of Chile, Philadelphia, 1905; J. T. Medina, Los Aborigines de Chile, Santiago, 1882; C. Ochsenius, Chile, Land und Leute, Leipsic, 1885; H. Kunz, Chile und die deutschen Kolonien, Leipsic, 1891; A. U. Hancock, A Hist, of Chile, Chicago 1893.
CHILIASM, kil'i-azm. See Millennium, Millenarianism.
CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM : Church of England; b. at Oxford Oct., 1602; d. at Chichester Jan. 30, 1644. He became a scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, 1618 (B.A., 1620; M.A., 1623; fellow, 1628). He entered heartily into the theological controversies of the time, and, undertaking to argue against a Jesuit at Oxford (John Percy, but known as John Fisher), became himself a convert to Romanism and went to Douai in 1630; here he attempted to write out the reasons for his change of faith with the result that he wavered, returned to Oxford in 1631, and in 1634 declared himself again a Protestant. He seems to have been influenced by a longing for authority and certainty; the apparently firmer foundation offered by the Church of Rome proved delusive; and then he settled upon Scripture interpreted by reason. Some of the claims of the Church of England seemed to him unreasonable, and he declined to take orders. His great work was called forth by a controversy between a Jesuit, Matthias Wilson (alias Edward Knott), and Dr. Christopher Potter, provost of Queen's College, Oxford, as to whether Protestants could be saved. Three books had already appeared when Chillingworth entered the contest (Charity Mistaken, 1630, and Mercy and Truth, 1634, by the Jesuit; Want of Charity Justly Charged, 1633, by Dr. Potter). His work, after being examined and approved by the vice-chancellor of Oxford and two divinity professors, appeared at Oxford in 1638 with the title The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation : or an Answer to a Book entitled Mercy and Truth. A second edition was necessary within five months, and a host of answers and criticisms was called forth, from Puritans as well as Roman Catholics. It is a defense of Protestantism, which, he says, he understands to be not " the doctrine of Luther, or Calvin, or Melanchthon; nor the confession of Augusta [Augsburg], or