THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
7. Statistics.
university. In Shangtung there is a similar partnership between the American Presbyterian and the English Baptist Missions.
The relations between officials and all missionaries since 1900 have been much improved. Although occasional outbreaks still occur, earnest efforts are now made to prevent them on account of their possible consequences. It can not be doubted that the result of the war between Japan and Russia will exert an important influence upon Christian work throughout the Chinese Empire.
In Beach's Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions (New York, 1903), 68 Protestant societies are reported as working in China (33 American, 22 British, 12 Continental, and 1 international), with a total of 2,785 workers, of whom 610 were ordained men, 578 unordained, 772 wives, and 825 other missionary women, living in 653 stations, and working 2,476 outstations. There were 162 male physicians and 79 women physicians, with 259 hospitals and dispensaries treating more than 691,000 patients annually. H. O. Dwight's Blue Book of Missions for 1907 indicates that the number of workers was rapidly increasing, as it gives from the reports of 59 societies an aggregate of 3,146 missionaries. The aggregate of native workers is 8,243, and the total number of Christians 249,878. Fukien, at the beginning the most difficult province, has the largest number of converts, with continuous accessions. There were 1,819 day-schools with 35,412 pupils, and 170 higher institutions instructing 5,150 students. According to tables published in Shanghai in 1904 by Dr. Richard, there were in 1901 4,126 Roman Catholic churches and chapels in China, 904 European missionaries, 471 native priests, 3,584 schools, 60 colleges, and 720,540 Christians. Considering the brevity of a century in comparison with the age-long periods of Chinese history, the exceptional difficulties to be overcome, the ignorance, the conservatism, and the contempt of the Chinese race for everything from abroad, the results of a hundred years of Protestant missions are in every way remarkable as a prophecy and a promise of what is yet in the future. Arthur H. Smith.
Bibliography: For history: S. W. Williams, The Middle Kingdom, New York, 1899 (comprehensive and standard); A. H. Smith, Chinese Characteristics, New York, 1900. On geography: H. P. Beach, Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions, New York, 1903; E. L. Oxenham, Historical Atlas of the Chinese Empire, London, 1898.
On the language and literature: W A. P. Martin, The Lore of Cathay, New York, 1901 (best); R. K. Douglass, Language and Literature of China, London, 1875; T. Walters, Essays on the Chinese Language, Shanghai, 1889.
On the religious sources: For Confucianism, SBE, iii., xvi., xxvii., xxviii.; J. Legge, Chinese Classics, 7 vols., London, 1861-87. For Taoism: Lao-Tsze, The Canon of Reason and Virtue, by P. Carus, Chicago, 1903; W. G. Old, The Classics of Confucius, Shu King, London, 1906. For Buddhism: SBE, xix.; S. Beal, Buddhist Literature in China, London, 1882, and Catena of Buddhist Scriptures, London, 1871, also Dhammapada; Texts from the Buddhist Canon, London, 1878; E. Chavannes, Les Inscriptions chinoises de Bodh-Gaya, Paris, 1896. On the religions in generaf: P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, i. 57-114, Tubingen, 1905; S. Johnson, Oriental Religions . China, Boston, 1877 (full, but discursive); J. H. Plath, Die Religion und der Cultus der alien Chinesen, Munich, 1802; R. K. Douglas. Confucianism and Taoism, London, 1879; J. Legge,
Religions of China, Confucianism and Taoism, London, 1881; A. Reville, La Religion chinoise, Pans, 1889; C. de Harlez, Les Religions de la Chine. Paris, 1891; E. H. Parker, China and Religion, London, 1905. On Confucianism: H. A. Giles, Confucianism, in Religious Systems of the World, London, 1901; idem. Religions of Ancient China, ib. 1906; E. Faber, Digest of the Doctrines of Confucius, Hongkong, 1875, and Mind of Mencius, Shanghai, 1882. On Taoism: A. de Pouvoirville, Le Taoisme et les societcs secretes chinoises, Paris, 1897; I. W Heysinger, Lao Tsze, the Light of China, Philadelphia, 1903; E. H. Parker, China and Religion, London, 1905. On Chinese Buddhism: E. Lamairesse, Le Bouddhisme en Chine . , Paris, 1893; J. Edkins, Chinese Buddhism, London, 1880; S. Beal, Buddhism in China, in Non-Christian Religious Systems, London, 1884 (Beal is the authority on Buddhism in China); E. J. Eitel, Handbook . of Chinese Buddhism, London, 1888; J. J. M. de Groot, Religious System of China, vols, i.-v., Leyden, 1892-1907 (still in progress); Tai-shang kan-ying pien: Treatise of the Exalted one on Response and Retribution, from the Chinese by Teitara Suzuki and Paul Carus, Chicago, 1906; J. D. Ball, The Celestial and his Religions; or, the Religious Aspect in China, ib. 1906.
On missions: Statistical: J. S. Dennis, Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions, New York, 1902. General: Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese, Shanghai, 1867; Conferences on Missions, at Shanghai, 1877 and 1890, at Shantung 1893 and 1897 (Reports published at Sh.anghai); J. Gilmour, Among the Mongols, London, 1884; W Campbell, Missionary Success in . Formosa, London, 1889; Church Work in North China, London, 1893 (on Anglican missions); M. G. Guinness, Story of the China Inland Mission, 2 vols., London, 1893; China Mission Handbook, Shanghai, 1896; G. L. Mackay, From Far Formosa, . Island, People and Missions, New York, 1896; R. Ijovett, Hist, of London Missionary Society, chaps, xix.-xxvi., London, 1899; J. C. Gibson, Mission Problems and Mission Methods in South China, London, 1901; L. Miner, China's Book of Martyrs, Boston, 1903; J. Ross, Methods of Mission Work in Marvchuria, London, 1903; M. Broomhall, Pioneer Work in Hunan, ib. 1906; W. A. P. Martin, Awakening of China, New York, 1907; W. E. Soothill, A Typical Mission in China, New York, 1907.
For the Boxer troubles: A. H. Smith, China in Convulsion, New York, 1901; M. Broomhall, Martyred Missionaries of the China Inland Mission, London, 1901; E. H. Edwards, Fire and Sword in Shansi, London, 1903; R. C. Forsyth, China Martyrs of 1900, London, 1904.
On Roman Catholic missions: F. Prandi, Memoirs of Father Ripa, London, 1844; Abb^ Hue, Christianity in China, Tarlary and Thibet, best ed., 3 vols., London, 1857; T. Chancy, La Colonic du Sacre-Cceur dans les Cevennes de la Chine au xviii. si^cle, Paris, 1889; Abb^ Pierre, La Chine chretienne. La Vie et les ceuvres de H. A. Languillat, 2 vols., Paris, 1893.
CHINIQUY, shi"ni"ki' or chin"i-kwi', CHARLES PASCHAL TELESPHORE: Presbyterian: b. of Roman CathoUc parents at Kamouraska, Quebec, Canada, July 30, 1809; d. in Montreal Jan. 16, 1899. He studied at the college of Nicolet, Canada, 1822-29, and was professor of belles-lettres there till 1833; was ordained a Roman Catholic priest 1833; vicar and curate in the province of Quebec till 1846; he established the first temperance society there and won the title " Apostle of Temperance of Canada." In 1851 he was called by Bishop Vandevelde, of Chicago, to direct the tide of Roman Catholic emigration toward the prairies of Illinois; in 1858, with his congregation at St. Anne, Kankakee County, 111., he left the Church of Rome, and joined the Canadian Presbyterian Church. He lectured in England 1860, 1874, and 18S2, and in Australia 1878-80, and published a number of books and tracts upon temperance, and others bitterly hostile to the Roman Catholic