THE NICW SCIIAFF-IIERZOd
siastical province of Mainz. In the I'raiikisli period the diocese was ])iacllcally culerniinous with the imsent canton ol' Cirisons. Under Louis tlie Pious the diocese had more than 'S.iO churches. The principal nionasterit-s were Disentis, first mentioned in 7ov>, and PfefTers, founded about 731. The diocese was maintained through the Reformation changes, though most of its inhabitants became Protestants. At ])resent its jurisdiction embraces the Roman CathoHcs in the cantons of Grisons, Zuricli, CUarus, 8chwyz, IJri, and the principahty of Liechtenstein. (A. Hauck.)
Bibi.iogr.4PHy: T. von Mohr, Coder Diplomaticus, Sammlung der Urkunden zitr (icschiclttc C iir-H<ili€ns, 3 vols., Chur, 1848-61; Rettbers, KD, i. 216, ii. 132; P. C. Planta, Das alte Ratien, Berlin, 1S72.
CHURCH ARMY: An organization of laity inside the Church of England for aggressive mission efforts, founded by Rev. Wilson Carhle (q.v.) in 1SS2. It is the resultant of four similar movements starteil simultaneously and independently at Kensington, London, by Mr. Carlile (" The Church ililitant Mission "), at Richmond, London, by Rev Evan Hopkins (" The Church Gospel Army "). at Oxford by Rev. Francis Scott Webster ('' The Church Salvation Army "), and at Bristol by Rev Charles Isaac Atherton, canon of Exeter (" The Church Mission Army "). The present headquarters are at 55 Bryanston Street, Marble Arch, London, W In 1883 the first army organ, The Battleaxe, was begun, and the first army training home was opened at Oxford, which in 1885 was moved to London. In 1885 the first conference of officers and workers was held, at which the report was made that whereas in Jan., 1884, the Army had only fifteen lay officers, then it had forty-five, and that its income was £2,500 in regular subscriptions and £4,000 in working people's pence. The Church Army Blue Book for 1906 shows that at the end of 1905 the Army had 318 evangelistic officers, eighty-four men's labor home managers and assistants, forty-six associate evangeUsts, 285 mission-nurses, and twenty-three associate mission-nurses.
The great object of the Army is to reach the unchurched and submerged masses with all agencies which tend fo uplift soul and body. It differs from some similar movements in that it works inside the Anglican Church. It never begins operations in a parish without being invited by the vicar, works under his direction, and stays as long as he thinks it desirable. Its converts, therefore, help to increase the number and efficiency of the church agencies. At first there was prejudice against its name and its utterly unconventional methods for gathering a crowd, its out-of-door preaching and testifying, and to its employment of laity, both men and women, generally of very little or no culture and often of past lives of vice and crime, to speak on Chi-istian themes and win new hearers and professed Christians to a deeper religious experience. There was also considerable disorderly conduct on the part of its audiences. But now tlie Army is accepted l)o(h by the Church, whose errant children it recalls, and by the classes benefited as an accredited helper and friend. It has
now much lo do with the body, having "labor liornes, work (est, slit llcis, laijor relief depots for iiii'ii, woincu, and youths wiio are unemployed, crimhial, inebriate, unfortunate, outcast; cutfee taverns, lodging hoiiics, boarding homes, employment agencies, fresh air homes, old clothes department; test farms for emigrants and others "; and undertakes to send emigrants to Canada. But spiritual work, after all, commands the first place, and " the Church Army works in town and country parishes by trained evangelists and missionnurses working under the clergy; in country places by vans continually itinerating; in crowded slums by pioneer tent evangelists; in workhouses and reformatories by special missions; in convict establishments and local prisons by special services, personal interviews, and aid to discharged prisoners." Its lay workers are largely recruited from the working class, but they are carefully trained and under strict discipline. The Church Army is a limited liability company; each member of the executive is responsible up to £100, and each patron or president up to ten shillings, in the event of the winding up of the Society.
Bibliography: E. Rowan, Wilson Carlile and the Church Army, London, 1905; The Church Army Blue Book (annual).
CHURCH BUILDING, TAXATION FOR: Originally (see Taxation, Ecclesiastical) all the property of each diocese was vested in the bishop, who had, accordingly, to provide for all necessities, including church-building. The Roman decrees of Simplicius (475) and Gelasius (494) prescribe a division of this property into four parts, one to serve for the Fabrica ecclesice (q.v.), i.e., both building and the maintenance of public worship. Similarly, in Spain one-third was set apart for this purpose (Synod of Tarragona, 516). A different principle came up in the Teutonic law, by which, since the church in a sense belonged to the landowner, he was required to provide for keeping it — unless, indeed, he chose to let it fall into decay. The church authorities strove against this conception; e.g., the Synod of Frankfort (794) conceded this kind of ownership only on condition that the church should not be allowed to fall into decay. Nevertheless, the later ecclesiastical principles are really founded on Frankish law. After the development of the system of benefices (see Benefice), the holders of benefices were required to contribute for this purpose from what they had over their necessary living (congruu). And in case of necessity the parishioners were obliged, as had been the case in the Frankish law, to bear their part of the burden. There is evidence that this provision was sometimes enforced in the Middle Ages, though the wealth of the Church and the generosity of benefactors made it seldom necessary. There was great local diversity in the laws on this whole subject; and the Council of Trent, which settled the standard of modern Roman Catholic practise, failed to unify them, leaving plenty of room for local traditional customs and laws. According to its decree (Sess. xxi. 7, de rejormatione), a distinction is made between patronal and other churches. In the case of the latter, the bur-