RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Congrregationallats Conon of Tarsus
ford, History of Plimoufh Plantation, reprinted iu Collections of the Mass. Historical Society, Boston, 1856, reproduced in facsimile, Massachusetts State edition, ib. 1898; ed. W. T. Davis, New Yorlc, 1908; idem, Dialogue, in A. Young, Chronicles of Pilgrim Fathers, ib. 1841, ed. C. Deane, ib. 1870; N. Morton, New England's Mermrriall, Cambridge, 1669, republished, Boston, 1855; J. Winthrop, Journal, ed. J. Savage, ib. 1853; R. Mather, Church Government Discussed, London, 1643; J. Cotton, Doctrine of the Church, ib. 1642; idem. Way of Congregational Churches Cleared, ib. 1643; idem, Way of Churches of Christ in New England, ib. 1645; T. Hooker, Survey of the Sum of Church Discipline, ib. 1648; I. Mather, First Principles of New England, including J. Cotton's Plan for Conferences, Boston, 1675; idem. Disquisition concerning Ecclesiastical Councils, 1716, reprinted in Congregational Qxiarterly, 1870; Platform of Church Discipline, Cambridge, 1649 and often; C. Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, London, 1702, republished, Hartford, 1855; idem. Ratio Discipliace, Boston, 1726; Confession of Faith, Heads of Agreement and Articles for the Administration of Church Discipline (Saybrook Platform), New London, 1710; G. Punchard, View of Congregationalism, Salem, 1840; idem. History of Congregationalism, New York, 1865; idem, Congregationalism in America, Boston, 1880-81; J. S. Clark, Historical Sketch of Congregational Churches in Massachusetts, ib. 1858; H. F. Uhden, The New England Theocracy, ib. 1858; H. M. Dexter, Congregationalism, ib. 1865; idem. Handbook of Congregationalism, ib. 1890; idem, Congregationalism as Seen in the Literature of [the Last 300 Years, New York, 1880; idem and M. Dexter, The England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Boston, 1905; L. Bacon, Genesis of New England Churches, New York, 1874; G. T. Ladd, Principles of Church Polity, New York, 1882; W. Walker, Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism, New York, 1893; idem. History of Congregational Churches in the United States, ib. 1894; A. E. Dunning, Congregationalists in America, ib. 1894; G. A. Hood, National Council of Congregational Churches, Boston, 1901; S. L. Blake, The Separates or Strict Congregationalists of New England, ib. 1902; G. M. Boynton, The Congregational Way, ib. 1903; L. W. Bacon, The Congregationalists, New York, 1904; A. Anderson, Congregational Faith and Practice, Boston, 1906; T. P. Prudden, Congregationalists: Who they Are, Boston, 1906.
CONGRESS, EVANGELICAL-SOCIAL: An organization formed in Germany in 1890. The Imperial government as well as the governments of the single states turned their attention in the eighties to social questions. The empire opened, under Bismarck's leading, with insurance against illness in 1883, against accident in 1884 (both of these being further developed in 1885, 1886, and 1887), and against permanent debility and age in 1889. It was thought desirable for Christians to do something to bring the educated people and the workingman together, and to prevent the latter from supposing that religion was only a tool to keep the workmen down. At the close of 1889 or at the opening of 1890, Adolf Stocker, then court preacher. Pastor Weber, Prof. Adolf Wagner, and Dr. Kropatschek issued an invitation to an Evangelical- Social Congress to meet at Whitsuntide in Berlin. Meanwhile Emperor Wiliam II. issued two strong social orders on Feb. 4, 1890. On May 27, 1890, a, confidential conference took place, in which both Stocker and Prof. Adolf Harnack took part, and it was agreed that all evangelical groups should be asked to share in the Congress. The first session opened at Berlin, May 29, 1890, and on Oct. 23, 1890, a committee appointed by the Congress met at Berlin and chose an executive committee. M. A. Nobbe, the director of a hail-insurance company, was made chairman of the Congress and continued
to fill that position with great acceptance for twelve years, when the pressure of business compelled him to resign. In 1903 Prof. Adolf Harnack of Berlin became chairman and has shown unusual gifts for the place.
The session of 1895 at Erfurt was marked by the first public address by a woman in such meetings, delivered by Mrs. Gnauck; she spoke on the social condition of women, and Stocker followed her in a second address. In 1896, owing to the fact that Stocker had become the leader of a political party, it was thought by some that it would be better if he should give up his seat as second president of the Congress, although it was desired that he should remain in the committee; finally he left the Congress altogether and became one of the founders of the Ecclesiastical-Social Conference (q.v.).
The Congress has published the addresses at the yearly meetings in successive volumes of Verhandlungen and formerly issued " Communications " (Mitteilungen) in a little newspaper. This newspaper became at the thirteenth session (1904) a little magazine, under the title of Evangelisch-Sozial. Organized groups in Baden, Sleswick-Holstein, Wiirttemberg, and Saxony are connected with the Congress. Different religious and political circles are to-day, as at the beginning, represented in the Congress. The executive committee consists of Harnack, Adolf Wagner, Prof. Gierke, Prof. Kaftan, Prof. Hans Delbruck, Pastor Friedrich Naumann, Prof. Von Soden, Pastor Kirmes, Mrs. Schmoller, Mrs. Broicher, Dr. Ludwig Keller, Pastor Schneemelcker, and the writer.
Caspar Rene Gregory.
Bibliography: " Transactions " (Verhandlungen), " Reports " (Berichte), or " Communications " are published yearly, Berlin, 1890-96, Gottingen, 1897-1901, Berlin, 1892 sqq. Consult: O. Kraft, Die Harmonic der seeks ersten evangelisch-socialen Kongresse, Halle, 1896; M. A. Noble, Der evangelisch-soziale Kongress und seine Gegner, Gottingen, 1897.
CONON: Pope 68&-687. After the death of John V. (Aug. 2, 686) a controversy arose between the clergy and the soldiery over the choice of his successor, the former proposing the archpriest Peter, the latter the priest Theodore. The clergy finally elected Conon, a priest, born in Thrace and educated in Sicily. He was consecrated Oct. 21,
686, but he was ill at the time and, after a pontificate of eleven months during which he accomplished nothing, died, and was buried on Sept. 22,
687. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. T. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 207-209; Ja£f(5, Regesta, i. 243; Bower, Popes, i. 490-491; Mann, Popes, I. ii. 68-76.
CONON OF TARSUS: Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia at the beginning of the seventh century. He held certain tritheistic views which he had derived from Johannes Philoponos (q.v.; see also Tritheistic Controversy) . These he subsequently abandoned, and differed from his old teacher also by affirming that the substance of the human body survived death and was eternal. The sect of which he was the leader had disappeared by the end of the seventh century.
Bibliography: W. Cave, Scriptorum ecclesiaslicorum Idstoria literaria. i. 573, London, 1688; DCB, i. 621; KL, iii. 948.
Conrad of Oelnhausen Consalvi